Li X. auteur aut IRD Arya G. A. auteur aut IRD Thu A. M. auteur aut IRD Landier Jordi auteur aut IRD Parker D. M. auteur aut IRD Delmas G. auteur aut IRD Reyes A. auteur aut IRD Lwin K. M. auteur aut IRD Sriprawat K. auteur aut IRD Nosten F. auteur aut IRD Anderson T. J. C. auteur aut IRD text journalArticle eng text/pdf reformatted digital access The malaria elimination programme in Kayin State (Myanmar) uses malaria posts for rapid detection and treatment, together with mass drug administration in high-transmission villages, which has reduced transmission by 97%. Here we examine the impact of control on parasite genomic parameters to inform future control efforts. Using 2,270 genome-sequenced Plasmodium falciparum infections from 283 malaria posts, sampled over 58 months (2015-2020), we find that parasite effective population size decreased over the study period, but there was minimal change in artemisinin resistance allele frequency until 2020, when just one predominant genotype (carrying kelch13-R561H) remained. We observed sustained localized transmission of unique parasite genotypes revealing transmission chains and positive correlations in parasite relatedness for <= 20 km. Mass drug administration resulted in parasite founder effects, providing genomic evidence for the efficacy of this control tool. These results reveal changes in population structure driven by control and rapid shifts in allele frequency in a parasite population close to elimination. specialized MYANMAR ASIE DU SUD EST 052 050 [Early access] [27 p.] 2026 2058-5276 https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010096974 10.1038/s41564-026-02327-1 2058-5276 [F B010096974] https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010096974 https://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/2026-05/010096974.pdf IRD - Base Horizon / Pleins textes 2026-05-20 2026-05-20 fdi:010096974 fre