@article{fdi:010095877,
  title = {{S}ensitivity of a {S}ahelian groundwater-based agroforestry system to tree density and water availability using the land surface model {ORCHIDEE} (r7949)},
  author = {{G}aglo, {E}. {K}. and {C}haste, {E}. and {L}uyssaert, {S}. and {R}oupsard, {O}. and {J}ourdan, {C}. and {S}ow, {S}. and {V}andewalle, {N}. and {D}o, {F}r{\'e}d{\'e}ric and {N}gom, {D}. and {V}alade, {A}.},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{T}he {S}ahel region is characterized by its semi-arid climate and open-canopy agroforestry systems, which play an important role in global carbon dynamics. {P}arkland agroforestry has the potential to sequester carbon at an average rate of 0.4 t{C} ha-1 yr-1, which, if expanded to its maximum potential extent, would correspond to an additional carbon stock of approximately 558 {T}g{C} compared to treeless croplands. {H}owever, land surface models ({LSM}) used in global climate modeling struggle to represent carbon dynamics in these ecosystems due to the inadequate representation of deep-roots tapping groundwater during dry periods, key environmental control for many agroforestry systems such as the widespread parklands based on the phreatophytic species {F}aidherbia albida. {T}his study explores the sensitivity of {F}aidherbia albida parklands to tree density and water availability (rainfall and soil water content in the capillary fringe of the groundwater table) using a new configuration of the {ORCHIDEE} {LSM}. {T}o this aim, the {ORCHIDEE} {LSM} was modified to simulate the growth of {F}aidherbia albida by simulating its inverted phenology based on forced temporal series of soil water content of soil layers between 4 and 5 m and water saturation below 5 m and by adjusting the photosynthesis and carbon allocation parameters for {F}aidherbia albida and associated crops. {T}he model was evaluated against independent eddy covariance and meteorological data from the {N}iakhar agroforestry site in {S}enegal. {S}imulation outputs were analyzed in terms of leaf area index ({LAI}), gross primary productivity ({GPP}), latent heat ({LE}), sensible heat ({H}) and net radiation ({R}n). {T}he model simulated tree {GPP} of 4.08 +/- 0.21 t{C} ha-1 yr-1 compared to observed {GPP} of 5.06 +/- 0.49 t{C} ha-1 yr-1. {F}or croplands, the model produced {GPP} of 7.97 +/- 0.89 t{C} ha-1 yr-1 compared to observed values of 7.78 +/- 1.75 t{C} ha-1 yr-1. {S}imulations revealed that tree density positively influenced annual carbon uptake but reduced crop harvest at highest tree densities, indicating a trade-off between carbon sequestration and crop yield. {S}ensitivity analyses showed that interannual variability in soil water content in the capillary fringe of the groundwater table and rainfall influenced differently crop, tree and ecosystem carbon and energy fluxes. {D}espite its strengths, the model exhibited limited responsiveness of tree productivity to soil water content variability in the capillary fringe of the groundwater table, highlighting the need for enhanced representation of water uptake by tree roots in the model. {T}hese findings emphasize the importance of accurately modeling both surface soil water and groundwater dynamics and phenology to predict the responses of semi-arid agroforestry systems to climate variability. {T}his study enhances our understanding of carbon and energy flux partitioning in complex, water-stressed and groundwater dependent agroforestry systems.},
  keywords = {{SENEGAL} ; {NIAKHAR} ; {ZONE} {SAHELIENNE}},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{G}eoscientific {M}odel {D}evelopment},
  volume = {18},
  numero = {23},
  pages = {9541--9563},
  ISSN = {1991-959{X}},
  year = {2025},
  DOI = {10.5194/gmd-18-9541-2025},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010095877},
}