Veytia D. auteur aut IRD Mariani Gael auteur aut IRD Barclay V. M. auteur aut IRD Airoldi L. auteur aut IRD Claudet J. auteur aut IRD Cooley S. auteur aut IRD Magnan A. auteur aut IRD Neill S. auteur aut IRD Sumaila U. R. auteur aut IRD Thébaud O. auteur aut IRD Voolstra C. R. auteur aut IRD Williamson P. auteur aut IRD Bonnin Marie auteur aut IRD Langridge J. auteur aut IRD Comte Adrien auteur aut IRD Viard F. auteur aut IRD Shin Yunne-Jai auteur aut IRD Bopp L. auteur aut IRD Gattuso J. P. auteur aut IRD text journalArticle eng text/pdf reformatted digital access The ocean has a vital role to play in addressing the global challenge of climate change, which requires both mitigation and adaptation actions. The exponential increase in research relating to ocean-related options (OROs) requires a rapid and reproducible method to assess the state of knowledge. We train a state-of-the-art large language model to characterise the landscape of ORO research by classifying 44,193 (+/- 11,615) articles across various descriptors. Research proves to be unevenly distributed, concentrating on OROs with mitigation objectives (80%), while revealing research gaps including under-researched ecosystems and an observed paucity of studies simultaneously assessing different ORO types. We also uncover social inequalities driven by mismatches between the global distribution of research effort, climate change responsibility, and risk. These findings are important to maximise the efficacy of OROs, position them within broader climate action portfolios, and inform future research priorities. specialized MONDE 021 032 020 124 4 1 60 [13 p.] 2025 https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010095812 10.1038/s44183-025-00159-w [F B010095812] https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010095812 https://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/2026-01/010095812.pdf IRD - Base Horizon / Pleins textes 2026-01-14 2026-01-14 fdi:010095812 fre