@article{fdi:010095389,
  title = {{E}fficacy of non-pyrethroid indoor residual spraying or intensive behaviour change communication in combination with long-lasting insecticidal nets for malaria control in west {A}frica : a pragmatic, cluster-randomised, controlled trial},
  author = {{M}oiroux, {N}icolas and {Z}ongo, {I}. and {A}ssi, {S}. {B}. and {S}ome, {A}. and {T}chiekoi, {N}. {B}. and {Z}ogo, {B}. and {S}oma, {D}. {D}. and {H}ien, {D}fds and {T}aconet, {P}aul and {A}lou, {L}. {P}. {A}. and {L}efevre, {T}. and {C}ohuet, {A}nna and {F}ournet, {F}lorence and {M}ouline, {K}arine and {K}offi, {A}. {A}. and {D}abir{\'e}, {R}. {K}. and {P}ennetier, {C}{\'e}dric},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{B}ackground {S}ince 2015, progress in the control of malaria has stalled owing to multiple factors, including the probable reduced efficacy of long-lasting insecticidal nets ({LLIN}s) caused by insecticide resistance and plateauing {LLIN} use rates. {T}his study aimed to assess the additional effect of non-pyrethroid indoor residual spraying ({IRS}) and intensive behaviour change communication ({BCC}) when combined with {LLIN}s on malaria in rural west {A}frica. {M}ethods {T}his pragmatic, parallel-group, cluster-randomised, controlled trial took place in community settings in {B}urkina {F}aso and {C} & ocirc;te d'{I}voire. {V}illages (clusters) with an average population of 300 inhabitants, a minimum distance between villages of 2 km, and year-round accessibility by a four-wheel drive vehicle were eligible for inclusion. {A} simple randomisation approach with a computer-generated random number sequence was used to assign 39 villages with a total population of 10 750 inhabitants to three groups: {LLIN} alone (16 villages; the control group), {LLIN} plus {IRS} (11 villages), and {LLIN} plus {BCC} (12 villages). {F}ield teams that collected epidemiological data and laboratory staff were masked to intervention allocation; it was not possible to mask participants, field teams that implemented the interventions, or study investigators to intervention allocation. {T}he {IRS} intervention consisted of pirimiphos-methyl treatment of the dwellings and the {BCC} intervention focused on promoting {LLIN} use, environmental sanitation, and early health-seeking behaviour through home visits, interpersonal talks, and group talks. {T}he primary outcome was malaria incidence rate in the whole population as measured by passive case detection at health centres. {D}ata were collected for 10 months before (the pre-intervention period) and 10 months after (the post-intervention period) randomisation. {A}ll outcome data were analysed by intention to treat and using constrained baseline analyses. {T}he trial is registered with {C}linical{T}rials.gov, {NCT}03074435, and is completed. {F}indings {B}etween {N}ovember, 2016, and {A}ugust, 2018, 215 000 theoretical person-months of follow-up resulted in 3612 malaria cases recorded by passive case detection during both pre-intervention and post-intervention periods. {D}uring the post-intervention period, passive case detection showed a 23% reduction in malaria incidence rate (rate ratio 0<middle dot>77 [95% {CI} 0<middle dot>64-0<middle dot>93], p=0<middle dot>0073) in the {LLIN} plus {IRS} group and a 22% reduction (0<middle dot>78 [0<middle dot>63-0<middle dot>96], p=0<middle dot>020) in the {LLIN} plus {BCC} group compared with the {LLIN}-alone (control) group. {N}o {IRS}-related adverse effects were recorded. {I}nterpretation {R}esults show that the addition of non-pyrethroid {IRS} or intensive {BCC} to {LLIN}s can effectively reduce the number of malaria cases. {T}he effect of {IRS} observed in our trial was intermediate compared with that reported in previous trials conducted in {A}frica. {N}otably, this study provides the first trial-based evidence supporting the effectiveness of an intensive {BCC} intervention, which is a promising result but requires confirmation through additional studies.},
  keywords = {{AFRIQUE} {DE} {L}'{OUEST}},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{L}ancet {G}lobal {H}ealth},
  volume = {13},
  numero = {9},
  pages = {e1605--e1616},
  ISSN = {2214-109{X}},
  year = {2025},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010095389},
}