Upadhyay A. auteur aut IRD Jiang J. H. auteur aut IRD Cheng Y. auteur aut IRD Vasilakos P. auteur aut IRD Chen Y. auteur aut IRD Banos D. T. auteur aut IRD Flückiger B. auteur aut IRD Manousakas M. I. auteur aut IRD Prévôt A. S. H. auteur aut IRD Modini R. L. auteur aut IRD de la Campa A. S. auteur aut IRD Schemmel A. auteur aut IRD Alastuey A. auteur aut IRD Bergmans B. auteur aut IRD Alves C. A. auteur aut IRD Hueglin C. auteur aut IRD Colombi C. auteur aut IRD Reche C. auteur aut IRD Sánchez-Rodas D. auteur aut IRD Massabò D. auteur aut IRD Diapouli E. auteur aut IRD Mazzei F. auteur aut IRD Lucarelli F. auteur aut IRD Uzu Gaëlle auteur aut IRD Salma I. auteur aut IRD Jaffrezo J. L. auteur aut IRD de la Rosa J. D. auteur aut IRD Reusser J. E. auteur aut IRD Eleftheriadis K. auteur aut IRD Alleman L. Y. auteur aut IRD Scerri M. auteur aut IRD Severi M. auteur aut IRD Favez O. auteur aut IRD Prati P. auteur aut IRD Traversi R. auteur aut IRD Vecchi R. auteur aut IRD Becagli S. auteur aut IRD Nava S. auteur aut IRD Castillo S. auteur aut IRD Darfeuil Sophie auteur aut IRD Grange S. K. auteur aut IRD Querol X. auteur aut IRD Kertész Z. auteur aut IRD Ciarelli G. auteur aut IRD Probst-Hensch N. auteur aut IRD Vienneau D. auteur aut IRD Kuenen J. auteur aut IRD Van Der Gon H. D. auteur aut IRD Daellenbach K. R. auteur aut IRD Krymova E. auteur aut IRD de Hoogh K. auteur aut IRD El-Haddad I. auteur aut IRD text journalArticle eng text/pdf reformatted digital access In today's rapidly evolving society, the sources of atmospheric particulate matter (PM) emissions are shifting significantly. Stringent regulations on vehicle tailpipe emissions, in combination with a lack of control of non-exhaust vehicular emissions, have led to an increase in the relative contribution of non-exhaust PM in Europe. This study analyzes the spatial distribution, temporal trends, and impacts of brake wear PM pollution across Europe by modeling copper (Cu) concentrations at a high spatial resolution of-250 m which is a key tracer of brake-wear emissions. We integrated coarse-resolution brake-wear Cu from CAMx chemical transport model and high-resolution land use data into a random forest (RF) model to predict Cu concentrations at-250 m over whole of continental Europe. The RF model was trained using an unprecedented dataset of over 50,000 daily Cu measurements from 152 sites. It corrected CAMx underestimation and downscaled Cu to a higher spatial resolution. In validation, the model showed robust spatial and temporal prediction with good Pearson's correlation coefficients of 0.6 and 0.7, respectively. We generated 10 years (2010-2019) of daily Cu concentrations over Europe, revealing spatial patterns aligned with urbanization and road networks, with peaks in cities and lower values in rural areas. Temporal trends reveal that Cu concentrations generally peak on weekdays and in winter. Despite a decline in PM across Europe over decades, Cu concentrations showed no decrease in many cities from 2010 to 2019. Cu levels are strongly correlated with population density with more than 12 million Europeans exposed to levels exceeding 40 ng/m3, equivalent to around 1 mu g/m3 of total PM10 from brake wear. Our findings highlight the need for expanded metal measurement for non-exhaust tracers for a better understanding of the health relevance of PM composition including Cu, and more effective regulations of non-exhaust PM emissions as included in EURO 7 vehicles. specialized Brake wear Non-exhaust emissions Atmospheric Cu Copper CAMx Random forest EUROPE 021 020 202 109615 [13 ] 2025 0160-4120 https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010094297 10.1016/j.envint.2025.109615 0160-4120 [F B010094297] https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010094297 https://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/2025-09/010094297.pdf IRD - Base Horizon / Pleins textes 2025-09-08 2025-11-04 fdi:010094297 fre