@article{fdi:010093384,
  title = {{G}lobal {C}arbon {B}udget 2024},
  author = {{F}riedlingstein, {P}. and {O}'{S}ullivan, {M}. and {J}ones, {M}. {W}. and {A}ndrew, {R}. {M}. and {H}auck, {J}. and {L}andschützer, {P}. and {L}e {Q}u{\'e}r{\'e}, {C}. and {L}i, {H}. {M}. and {L}uijkx, {I}. {T}. and {O}lsen, {A}. and {P}eters, {G}. {P}. and {P}eters, {W}. and {P}ongratz, {J}. and {S}chwingshackl, {C}. and {S}itch, {S}. and {C}anadell, {J}. {G}. and {C}iais, {P}. and {J}ackson, {R}. {B}. and {A}lin, {S}. {R}. and {A}rneth, {A}. and {A}rora, {V}. and {B}ates, {N}. {R}. and {B}ecker, {M}. and {B}ellouin, {N}. and {B}erghoff, {C}. {F}. and {B}ittig, {H}. {C}. and {B}opp, {L}. and {C}adule, {P}. and {C}ampbell, {K}. and {C}hamberlain, {M}. {A}. and {C}handra, {N}. and {C}hevallier, {F}. and {C}hini, {L}. {P}. and {C}olligan, {T}. and {D}ecayeux, {J}. and {D}jeutchouang, {L}. {M}. and {D}ou, {X}. {Y}. and {R}ojas, {C}. {D}. and {E}nyo, {K}. and {E}vans, {W}. and {F}ay, {A}. {R}. and {F}eely, {R}. {A}. and {F}ord, {D}. {J}. and {F}oster, {A}. and {G}asser, {T}. and {G}ehlen, {M}. and {G}kritzalis, {T}. and {G}rassi, {G}. and {G}regor, {L}. and {G}ruber, {N}. and {G}ürses, Ö and {H}arris, {I}. and {H}efner, {M}. and {H}einke, {J}. and {H}urtt, {G}. {C}. and {I}ida, {Y}. and {I}lyina, {T}. and {J}acobson, {A}. {R}. and {J}ain, {A}. {K}. and {J}arníková, {T}. and {J}ersild, {A}. and {J}iang, {F}. and {J}in, {Z}. and {K}ato, {E}. and {K}eeling, {R}. {F}. and {G}oldewijk, {K}. {K}. and {K}nauer, {J}. and {K}orsbakken, {J}. {I}. and {L}an, {X}. and {L}auvset, {S}. {K}. and {L}ef{\`e}vre, {N}athalie and {L}iu, {Z}. and {L}iu, {J}. {J}. and {M}a, {L}. and {M}aksyutov, {S}. and {M}arland, {G}. and {M}ayot, {N}. and {M}c{G}uire, {P}. {C}. and {M}etzl, {N}. and {M}onacci, {N}. {M}. and {M}organ, {E}. {J}. and {N}akaoka, {S}. {I}. and {N}eill, {C}. and {N}iwa, {Y}. and {N}ützel, {T}. and {O}livier, {L}. and {O}no, {T}. and {P}almer, {P}. {I}. and {P}ierrot, {D}. and {Q}in, {Z}. {C}. and {R}esplandy, {L}. and {R}oobaert, {A}. and {R}osan, {T}. {M}. and {R}{\¨o}denbeck, {C}. and {S}chwinger, {J}. and {S}mallman, {T}. {L}. and {S}mith, {S}. {M}. and {S}ospedra-{A}lfonso, {R}. and {S}teinhoff, {T}. and {S}un, {Q}. and {S}utton, {A}. {J}. and {S}{\'e}f{\'e}rian, {R}. and {T}akao, {S}. and {T}atebe, {H}. and {T}ian, {H}. {Q}. and {T}ilbrook, {B}. and {T}orres, {O}. and {T}ourigny, {E}. and {T}sujino, {H}. and {T}ubiello, {F}. and van der {W}erf, {G}. and {W}anninkhof, {R}. and {W}ang, {X}. {H}. and {Y}ang, {D}. {X}. and {Y}ang, {X}. {J}. and {Y}u, {Z}. and {Y}uan, {W}. {P}. and {Y}ue, {X}. and {Z}aehle, {S}. and {Z}eng, {N}. and {Z}eng, {J}. {Y}.},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{A}ccurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide ({CO}2) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere in a changing climate is critical to better understand the global carbon cycle, support the development of climate policies, and project future climate change. {H}ere we describe and synthesize datasets and methodologies to quantify the five major components of the global carbon budget and their uncertainties. {F}ossil {CO}2 emissions ({E}-{FOS}) are based on energy statistics and cement production data, while emissions from land-use change ({E}-{LUC}) are based on land-use and land-use change data and bookkeeping models. {A}tmospheric {CO}2 concentration is measured directly, and its growth rate ({G}({ATM})) is computed from the annual changes in concentration. {T}he global net uptake of {CO}2 by the ocean ({S}-{OCEAN}, called the ocean sink) is estimated with global ocean biogeochemistry models and observation-based f{CO}(2) products (f{CO}(2) is the fugacity of {CO}2). {T}he global net uptake of {CO}2 by the land ({S}-{LAND}, called the land sink) is estimated with dynamic global vegetation models. {A}dditional lines of evidence on land and ocean sinks are provided by atmospheric inversions, atmospheric oxygen measurements, and {E}arth system models. {T}he sum of all sources and sinks results in the carbon budget imbalance ({B}-{IM}), a measure of imperfect data and incomplete understanding of the contemporary carbon cycle. {A}ll uncertainties are reported as +/- 1 sigma. {F}or the year 2023, {E}-{FOS} increased by 1.3% relative to 2022, with fossil emissions at 10.1 +/- 0.5 {G}t{C} yr(-1) (10.3 +/- 0.5 {G}t{C} yr(-1) when the cement carbonation sink is not included), and {E}-{LUC} was 1.0 +/- 0.7 {G}t{C} yr 1, for a total anthropogenic {CO}2 emission (including the cement carbonation sink) of 11.1 +/- 0.9 {G}t{C} yr(-1) (40.6 +/- 3.2 {G}t{CO}(2) yr(-1)). {A}lso, for 2023, {G}({ATM}) was 5.9 +/- 0.2 {G}t{C} yr(-1) (2.79 +/- 0.1 ppm yr(-1); ppm denotes parts per million), {S}-{OCEAN} was 2.9 +/- 0.4 {G}t{C} yr(-1), and {S}-{LAND} was 2.3 +/- 1.0 {G}t{C} yr(-1), with a near-zero {B}-{IM} (0.02 {G}t{C} yr(-1)). {T}he global atmospheric {CO}2 concentration averaged over 2023 reached 419.31 +/- 0.1 ppm. {P}reliminary data for 2024 suggest an increase in {E}-{FOS} relative to 2023 of {C}0.8% (0.2% to 1.7 %) globally and an atmospheric {CO}2 concentration increase by 2.87 ppm, reaching 422.45 ppm, 52% above the pre-industrial level (around 278 ppm in 1750). {O}verall, the mean of and trend in the components of the global carbon budget are consistently estimated over the period 1959-2023, with a near-zero overall budget imbalance, although discrepancies of up to around 1 {G}t{C} yr(-1) persist for the representation of annual to semi-decadal variability in {CO}2 fluxes. {C}omparison of estimates from multiple approaches and observations shows the following: (1) a persistent large uncertainty in the estimate of land-use change emissions, (2) low agreement between the different methods on the magnitude of the land {CO}2 flux in the northern extra-tropics, and (3) a discrepancy between the different methods on the mean ocean sink. {T}his living-data update documents changes in methods and datasets applied to this most recent global carbon budget as well as evolving community understanding of the global carbon cycle. {T}he data presented in this work are available at https://doi.org/10.18160/{GCP}-2024 ({F}riedlingstein et al., 2024).},
  keywords = {{MONDE}},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{E}arth {S}ystem {S}cience {D}ata},
  volume = {17},
  numero = {3},
  pages = {965--1039},
  ISSN = {1866-3508},
  year = {2025},
  DOI = {10.5194/essd-17-965-2025},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010093384},
}