@article{fdi:010093137,
  title = {{A} cohort study revealed high mortality among people who inject drugs in {H}ai {P}hong, {V}ietnam},
  author = {{V}u {H}ai {V}inh and {V}allo, {R}. and {H}oang {T}hi {G}iang and {D}uong {T}hi {H}uong and {K}huat {T}hi {H}ai {O}anh and {P}ham {M}inh {K}hue and {N}ham {T}hi {T}uyet {T}hanh and {Q}uillet, {C}. and {R}apoud, {D}. and {M}ichel, {L}. and {V}an de {P}erre, {P}. and {F}eelemyer, {J}. and {M}oles, {J}.{P}. and {C}ournil, {A}mandine and {D}es {J}arlais, {D}. and {L}aureillard, {D}. and {N}agot, {N}.},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{O}bjective: {T}o estimate the residual mortality rate among people who inject drugs ({PWID}) in a {L}ow-{M}iddle {I}ncome {C}ountries context where the {HIV} epidemic has been controlled and methadone coverage is high. {S}tudy design and setting: {PWID} from {H}aiphong, {V}ietnam, were recruited through three annual respondent-driven sampling surveys that fueled two cohorts of {PWID} with {HIV} ( n = 761) and without {HIV} ( n = 897), with bi-annual follow-up. {P}resumed causes of death were ascertained from medical records and/or interviews of participants family. {R}esults: {A}mong the 1658 participants with a median follow-up of 2 years, 67 and 36 died in the {HIV}-positive and {HIV}-negative cohort, respectively, yielding crude mortality rates of 4.3 (95% {C}onfidence interval ({CI}): 3.3-5.4) per 100 person-years of follow-up ({PYFU}) and 1.9 ({CI}: 1.4-2.6) per 100 {PYFU}. {I}n the {HIV}-positive cohort, in which 81% of participants had undetectable viral load, the two main causes of death were tuberculosis and {HIV}-related diseases. {I}n the {HIV}-negative cohort, the two main causes of death were liver-related diseases and overdose. {I}n a time-dependent multivariable model, "unsuppressed viral load" was associated with increased risk of mortality, whereas "being on methadone" or "being employed" was associated with a lower risk. {C}onclusion: {D}espite a very successful {HIV} and methadone program, the mortality remains high among {PWID} in {V}ietnam, largely due to curable infectious diseases such as tuberculosis and viral hepatitis.},
  keywords = {{VIET} {NAM} ; {HAIPHONG}},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{J}ournal of {C}linical {E}pidemiology},
  volume = {139},
  numero = {},
  pages = {38--48},
  ISSN = {0895-4356},
  year = {2021},
  DOI = {10.1016/j.jclinepi.2021.07.007},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010093137},
}