@article{fdi:010092973,
  title = {{W}orldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022 : a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults},
  author = {{NCD} {R}isk {F}actor {C}ollaboration and {M}artin-{P}r{\'e}vel, {Y}ves and et al.},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{B}ackground : {U}nderweight and obesity are associated with adverse health outcomes throughout the life course. {W}e estimated the individual and combined prevalence of underweight or thinness and obesity, and their changes, from 1990 to 2022 for adults and school-aged children and adolescents in 200 countries and territories. {M}ethods : {W}e used data from 3663 population-based studies with 222 million participants that measured height and weight in representative samples of the general population. {W}e used a {B}ayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in the prevalence of different {BMI} categories, separately for adults (age sup. or eg. 20 years) and school-aged children and adolescents (age 5-19 years), from 1990 to 2022 for 200 countries and territories. {F}or adults, we report the individual and combined prevalence of underweight ({BMI} <18·5 kg/m²) and obesity ({BMI} sup. or eg. 30 kg/m²). {F}or school- aged children and adolescents, we report thinness ({BMI} <2 {SD} below the median of the {WHO} growth reference) and obesity ({BMI} >2 {SD} above the median). {F}indings : {F}rom 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity in adults decreased in 11 countries (6%) for women and 17 (9%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 that the observed changes were true decreases. {T}he combined prevalence increased in 162 countries (81%) for women and 140 countries (70%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. {I}n 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity was highest in island nations in the {C}aribbean and {P}olynesia and {M}icronesia, and countries in the {M}iddle {E}ast and north {A}frica. {O}besity prevalence was higher than underweight with posterior probability of at least 0·80 in 177 countries (89%) for women and 145 (73%) for men in 2022, whereas the converse was true in 16 countries (8%) for women, and 39 (20%) for men. {F}rom 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of thinness and obesity decreased among girls in five countries (3%) and among boys in 15 countries (8%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80, and increased among girls in 140 countries (70%) and boys in 137 countries (69%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. {T}he countries with highest combined prevalence of thinness and obesity in school-aged children and adolescents in 2022 were in {P}olynesia and {M}icronesia and the {C}aribbean for both sexes, and {C}hile and {Q}atar for boys. {C}ombined prevalence was also high in some countries in south {A}sia, such as {I}ndia and {P}akistan, where thinness remained prevalent despite having declined. {I}n 2022, obesity in school-aged children and adolescents was more prevalent than thinness with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 among girls in 133 countries (67%) and boys in 125 countries (63%), whereas the converse was true in 35 countries (18%) and 42 countries (21%), respectively. {I}n almost all countries for both adults and school-aged children and adolescents, the increases in double burden were driven by increases in obesity, and decreases in double burden by declining underweight or thinness. {I}nterpretation : {T}he combined burden of underweight and obesity has increased in most countries, driven by an increase in obesity, while underweight and thinness remain prevalent in south {A}sia and parts of {A}frica. {A} healthy nutrition transition that enhances access to nutritious foods is needed to address the remaining burden of underweight while curbing and reversing the increase in obesity},
  keywords = {{MONDE}},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{T}he {L}ancet},
  volume = {403},
  numero = {10431},
  pages = {1027--1050},
  ISSN = {0140-6736},
  year = {2024},
  DOI = {10.1016/s0140-6736(23)02750-2},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010092973},
}