@article{fdi:010092941,
  title = {{T}he {E}l {N}ino {S}outhern {O}scillation ({ENSO}) recharge oscillator conceptual model : achievements and future prospects},
  author = {{V}ialard, {J}{\'e}r{\^o}me and {J}in, {F}. {F}. and {M}c{P}haden, {M}. {J}. and {F}edorov, {A}. and {C}ai, {W}. and {A}n, {S}. {I}. and {D}ommenget, {D}. and {F}ang, {X}. and {S}tuecker, {M}. {F}. and {W}ang, {C}. and {W}ittenberg, {A}. and {Z}hao, {S}. and {L}iu, {F}. and {K}im, {S}. {K}. and {P}lanton, {Y}. and {G}eng, {T}. and {L}engaigne, {M}atthieu and {C}apotondi, {A}. and {C}hen, {N}. and {G}eng, {L}. and {H}u, {S}. and {I}zumo, {T}akeshi and {K}ug, {J}. {S}. and {L}uo, {J}. {J}. and {M}c{G}regor, {S}. and {P}agli, {B}astien and {P}riya, {P}. and {S}tevenson, {S}. and {T}hual, {S}.},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{T}he recharge oscillator ({RO}) is a simple mathematical model of the {E}l {N}iño {S}outhern {O}scillation ({ENSO}). {I}n its original form, it is based on two ordinary differential equations that describe the evolution of equatorial {P}acific sea surface temperature and oceanic heat content. {T}hese equations make use of physical principles that operate in nature: (a) the air-sea interaction loop known as the {B}jerknes feedback, (b) a delayed oceanic feedback arising from the slow oceanic response to winds within the equatorial band, (c) state-dependent stochastic forcing from fast wind variations known as westerly wind bursts ({WWB}s), and (d) nonlinearities such as those related to deep atmospheric convection and oceanic advection. {T}hese elements can be combined at different levels of {RO} complexity. {T}he {RO} reproduces {ENSO} key properties in observations and climate models: its amplitude, dominant timescale, seasonality, and warm/cold phases amplitude asymmetry. {W}e discuss the {RO} in the context of timely research questions. {F}irst, the {RO} can be extended to account for {ENSO} pattern diversity (with events that either peak in the central or eastern {P}acific). {S}econd, the core {RO} hypothesis that {ENSO} is governed by tropical {P}acific dynamics is discussed from the perspective of influences from other basins. {F}inally, we discuss the {RO} relevance for studying {ENSO} response to climate change, and underline that accounting for {ENSO} diversity, nonlinearities, and better links of {RO} parameters to the long term mean state are important research avenues. {W}e end by proposing important {RO}-based research problems.},
  keywords = {{ENSO} ({E}l {N}ino {S}outhern {O}scillation) ; {RO} (recharge oscillator) ; simple mathematical (conceptual) model ; literature review ; perspective ; climate change ; {PACIFIQUE} ; {MONDE} ; {ZONE} {TROPICALE}},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{R}eviews of {G}eophysics},
  volume = {63},
  numero = {1},
  pages = {e2024{RG}000843 [38 p.]},
  ISSN = {8755-1209},
  year = {2025},
  DOI = {10.1029/2024rg000843},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010092941},
}