@article{fdi:010092690,
  title = {{L}ast-millennium volcanic forcing and climate response using {SO}2 emissions},
  author = {{M}arshall, {L}. {R}. and {S}chmidt, {A}. and {S}churer, {A}. {P}. and {A}braham, {N}. {L}. and {L}ücke, {L}. {J}. and {W}ilson, {R}. and {A}nchukaitis, {K}. {J}. and {H}egerl, {G}. {C}. and {J}ohnson, {B}. and {O}tto-{B}liesner, {B}. {L}. and {B}rady, {E}. {C}. and {K}hodri, {M}yriam and {Y}oshida, {K}.},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{C}limate variability in the last millennium (past 1000 years) is dominated by the effects of large-magnitude volcanic eruptions; however, a long-standing mismatch exists between model-simulated and tree-ring-derived surface cooling. {A}ccounting for the self-limiting effects of large sulfur dioxide ({SO}2) injections and the limitations in tree-ring records, such as lagged responses due to biological memory, reconciles some of the discrepancy, but uncertainties remain, particularly for the largest tropical eruptions. {T}he representation of volcanic forcing in the latest generation of climate models has improved significantly, but most models prescribe the aerosol optical properties rather than using {SO}2 emissions directly and including interactions between the aerosol, chemistry, and dynamics. {H}ere, we use the {UK} {E}arth {S}ystem {M}odel ({UKESM}) to simulate the climate of the last millennium (1250-1850 {CE}) using volcanic {SO}2 emissions. {A}veraged across all large-magnitude eruptions, we find similar {N}orthern {H}emisphere ({NH}) summer cooling compared with other last-millennium climate simulations from the {P}aleoclimate {M}odelling {I}ntercomparison {P}roject {P}hase 4 ({PMIP}4), run with both {SO}2 emissions and prescribed forcing, and a continued overestimation of surface cooling compared with tree-ring reconstructions. {H}owever, for the largest-magnitude tropical eruptions in 1257 ({M}t. {S}amalas) and 1815 ({M}t. {T}ambora), some models, including {UKESM}1, suggest a smaller {NH} summer cooling that is in better agreement with tree-ring records. {I}n {UKESM}1, we find that the simulated volcanic forcing differs considerably from the {PMIP}4 dataset used in models without interactive aerosol schemes, with marked differences in the hemispheric spread of the aerosol, resulting in lower forcing in the {NH} when {SO}2 emissions are used. {O}ur results suggest that, for the largest tropical eruptions, the spatial distribution of aerosol can account for some of the discrepancies between model-simulated and tree-ring-derived cooling. {F}urther work should therefore focus on better resolving the spatial distribution of aerosol forcing for past eruptions.},
  keywords = {{MONDE}},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{C}limate of the {P}ast},
  volume = {21},
  numero = {1},
  pages = {161--184},
  ISSN = {1814-9324},
  year = {2025},
  DOI = {10.5194/cp-21-161-2025},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010092690},
}