@article{fdi:010092022,
  title = {{A}tmospheric black carbon in the metropolitan area of {L}a {P}az and {E}l {A}lto, {B}olivia : concentration levels and emission sources},
  author = {{M}ardoñez-{B}alderrama, {V}. and {M}ocnik, {G}. and {P}andolfi, {M}. and {M}odini, {R}. {L}. and {V}elarde, {F}. and {R}enzi, {L}. and {M}arinoni, {A}. and {J}affrezo, {J}. {L}. and {M}oreno, {R}. {I}. and {A}liaga, {D}. and {B}ianchi, {F}. and {M}ohr, {C}. and {G}ysel-{B}eer, {M}. and {G}inot, {P}atrick and {K}rejci, {R}. and {W}iedensohler, {A}. and {U}zu, {G}a{\¨e}lle and {A}ndrade, {M}. and {L}aj, {P}.},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{B}lack carbon ({BC}) is a major component of submicron particulate matter ({PM}), with significant health and climate impacts. {M}any cities in emerging countries lack comprehensive knowledge about {BC} emissions and exposure levels. {T}his study investigates {BC} concentration levels, identifies its emission sources, and characterizes the optical properties of {BC} at urban background sites of the two largest high-altitude {B}olivian cities: {L}a {P}az ({LP}) (3600 m above sea level) and {E}l {A}lto ({EA}) (4050 m a.s.l.), where atmospheric oxygen levels and intense radiation may affect {BC} production. {T}he study relies on concurrent measurements of equivalent black carbon (e{BC}), elemental carbon ({EC}), and refractory black carbon (r{BC}) and their comparison with analogous data collected at the nearby {C}hacaltaya {G}lobal {A}tmosphere {W}atch {S}tation (5240 m a.s.l). {T}he performance of two independent source apportionment techniques was compared: a bilinear model and a least-squares multilinear regression ({MLR}). {M}aximum e{BC} concentrations were observed during the local dry season ({LP}: e{BC} = 1.5 +/- 1.6 mu g m-3; {EA}: 1.9 +/- 2.0 mu g m-3). {W}hile e{BC} concentrations are lower at the mountain station, daily transport from urban areas is evident. {A}verage mass absorption cross sections of 6.6-8.2 m2 g-1 were found in the urban area at 637 nm. {B}oth source apportionment methods exhibited a reasonable level of agreement in the contribution of biomass burning ({BB}) to absorption. {T}he {MLR} method allowed the estimation of the contribution and the source-specific optical properties for multiple sources, including open waste burning.},
  keywords = {{BOLIVIE} ; {LA} {PAZ}},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{A}tmospheric {C}hemistry and {P}hysics},
  volume = {24},
  numero = {20},
  pages = {12055--12077},
  ISSN = {1680-7316},
  year = {2024},
  DOI = {10.5194/acp-24-12055-2024},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010092022},
}