@article{fdi:010090580,
  title = {{D}ominant contribution of atmospheric nonlinearities to {ENSO} asymmetry and extreme {E}l {N}ino events},
  author = {{S}rinivas, {G}. and {V}ialard, {J}{\'e}r{\^o}me and {L}iu, {F}. and {V}oldoire, {A}. and {I}zumo, {T}akeshi and {G}uilyardi, {E}. and {L}engaigne, {M}atthieu},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{E}xtreme {E}l {N}ino events have outsized impacts and strongly contribute to the {E}l {N}ino {S}outhern {O}scillation ({ENSO}) warm/cold phase asymmetries. {T}here is currently no consensus on the respective importance of oceanic and atmospheric nonlinearities for those asymmetries. {H}ere, we use atmospheric and oceanic general circulation models that reproduce {ENSO} asymmetries well to quantify the atmospheric nonlinearities contribution. {T}he linear and nonlinear components of the wind stress response to {S}ea {S}urface {T}emperature ({SST}) anomalies are isolated using ensemble atmospheric experiments, and used to force oceanic experiments. {T}he wind stress-{SST} nonlinearity is dominated by the deep atmospheric convective response to {SST}. {T}his wind-stress nonlinearity contributes to similar to 40% of the peak amplitude of extreme {E}l {N}ino events and similar to 55% of the prolonged eastern {P}acific warming they generate until the following summer. {T}his large contribution arises because nonlinearities consistently drive equatorial westerly anomalies, while the larger linear component is made less efficient by easterly anomalies in the western {P}acific during fall and winter. {O}verall, wind-stress nonlinearities fully account for the eastern {P}acific positive {ENSO} skewness. {O}ur findings underscore the pivotal role of atmospheric nonlinearities in shaping extreme {E}l {N}ino events and, more generally, {ENSO} asymmetry.},
  keywords = {{E}l {N}ino ; {L}a {N}ina ; {SST} ; {R}ainfall ; {W}ind stress ; {A}tmospheric ; nonlinearities ; {A}symmetries ; {PACIFIQUE}},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{S}cientific {R}eports - {N}ature},
  volume = {14},
  numero = {1},
  pages = {8122 [12 p.]},
  ISSN = {2045-2322},
  year = {2024},
  DOI = {10.1038/s41598-024-58803-3},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010090580},
}