@article{fdi:010090191,
  title = {{T}he 2021 {A}tlantic {N}iño and {B}enguela {N}iño {E}vents : external forcings and air-sea interactions},
  author = {{I}llig, {S}erena and {B}achelery, {M}. {L}.},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{T}his paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the extreme {A}tlantic and {B}enguela {N}ino events that occurred during the boreal spring-summer of 2021. {W}e conducted sensitivity experiments with a regional ocean-atmosphere coupled model of the tropical {A}tlantic to investigate the phenology of these interannual events, unravel their triggering mechanisms, and quantify the contributions of local and remote processes. {T}he results revealed that both the 2021 {A}tlantic and {B}enguela {N}inos were triggered by anomalous atmospheric fluxes at the model southern boundary (32 & {DEG}; {S}), leading to a significant and persistent weakening of the {S}outh {A}tlantic {A}nticyclone. {T}he associated poleward anomalous coastal wind off {A}frica reduced coastal upwelling and evaporation south of 15 & {DEG}; {S}, initiating the {B}enguela {N}ino. {T}hen, the relaxation of the equatorial trade winds forced a downwelling equatorial {K}elvin wave, which warmed the eastern equatorial region, marking the onset of the {A}tlantic {N}ino. {T}he equatorial event reached full maturity in {J}uly 2021 through {ENSO}-like air-sea interactions in the equatorial basin, enhanced by the atmospheric connection associated with low-level winds converging toward the distant coastal warming. {W}hile air-sea interactions in the tropical {A}tlantic acted as a negative feedback for the coastal warming, the ocean connection with the equatorial variability through the propagation of equatorially-forced downwelling coastal waves intensified the coastal warming, peaking end of {M}ay 2021. {O}verall, this research provides valuable insights into the complex dynamics of {A}tlantic and {B}enguela {N}inos, emphasizing the interconnectedness between these two systems. {T}his has important implications for improving {E}arth system models which currently struggle to simulate these extreme events.},
  keywords = {{A}tlantic-{N}ino ; {B}enguela-{N}ino ; {A}ir-sea-interactions ; {S}outh-{A}tlantic-{A}nticyclone ; {C}oastal-upwelling ; {R}egional-coupled-modelling ; {ATLANTIQUE}},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{C}limate {D}ynamics},
  volume = {[{E}arly access]},
  numero = {},
  pages = {[24 ]},
  ISSN = {0930-7575},
  year = {2023},
  DOI = {10.1007/s00382-023-06934-0},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010090191},
}