@article{fdi:010089769,
  title = {{T}he hybrid recharge delayed oscillator : a more realistic {E}l {N}ino conceptual model [plus supplementary data]},
  author = {{I}zumo, {T}akeshi and {C}olin, {M}. and {J}in, {F}. {F}. and {P}aglia, {B}.},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{E}l {N}ino-{S}outhern {O}scillation ({ENSO}) is the leading mode of climate interannual variability, with large socioeconomical and environmental impacts, potentially increasing with climate change. {I}mproving its understanding may shed further light on its predictability. {H}ere we revisit the two main conceptual models for explaining {ENSO} cyclic nature, namely, the recharge oscillator ({RO}) and the advective-reflective delayed oscillator ({DO}). {S}ome previous studies have argued that these two models capture similar physical processes. {Y}et, we show here that they actually capture two distinct roles of ocean wave dynamics in {ENSO}'s temperature tendency equation, using observations, reanalyses, and {C}limate {M}odel {I}ntercomparison {P}roject ({CMIP}) models. {T}he slow recharge/discharge process mostly influences central-eastern {P}acific by favoring warmer equatorial undercurrent and equatorial upwelling, while the 6-month delayed advective-reflective feedback process dominates in the western-central {P}acific. {W}e thus propose a hybrid recharge delayed oscillator ({RDO}) that combines these two distinct processes into one conceptual model, more realistic than the {RO} or {DO} alone. {T}he {RDO} eigenvalues (frequency and growth rate) are highly sensitive to the relative strengths of the recharge/discharge and delayed negative feedbacks, which have distinct dependencies to mean state. {C}ombining these two feedbacks explains most of {ENSO} frequency diversity among models. {T}hanks to the two different spatial patterns involved, the {RDO} can even capture {ENSO} spatiotemporal diversity and complexity. {W}e also develop a fully nonlinear and seasonal {RDO}, even more robust and realistic, investigating each nonlinear term. {T}he great {RDO} sensitivity may explain the observed and simulated richness in {ENSO}'s characteristics and predictability.},
  keywords = {{E}l {N}ino ; {O}cean dynamics ; {ENSO} ; {S}easonal forecasting ; {I}nterannual variability ; {T}ropical variability ; {PACIFIQUE}},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{J}ournal of {C}limate},
  volume = {37},
  numero = {9},
  pages = {2765--2787 [+ supplementary data : 13 p.]},
  ISSN = {0894-8755},
  year = {2024},
  DOI = {10.1175/jcli-d-23-0127.1},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010089769},
}