@article{fdi:010089641,
  title = {{G}lobal {C}arbon {B}udget 2023},
  author = {{F}riedlingstein, {P}. and {O}'{S}ullivan, {M}. and {J}ones, {M}. {W}. and {A}ndrew, {R}. {M}. and {B}akker, {D}. {C}. {E}. and {H}auck, {J}. and {L}andschützer, {P}. and {L}e {Q}u{\'e}r{\'e}, {C}. and {L}uijkx, {I}. {T}. and {P}eters, {G}. {P}. and {P}eters, {W}. and {P}ongratz, {J}. and {S}chwingshackl, {C}. and {S}itch, {S}. and {C}anadell, {J}. {G}. and {C}iais, {P}. and {J}ackson, {R}. {B}. and {A}lin, {S}. {R}. and {A}nthoni, {P}. and {B}arbero, {L}. and {B}ates, {N}. {R}. and {B}ecker, {M}. and {B}ellouin, {N}. and {D}echarme, {B}. and {B}opp, {L}. and {B}rasika, {I}. {B}. {M}. and {C}adule, {P}. and {C}hamberlain, {M}. {A}. and {C}handra, {N}. and {C}hau, {T}. {T}. {T}. and {C}hevallier, {F}. and {C}hini, {L}. {P}. and {C}ronin, {M}. and {D}ou, {X}. {Y}. and {E}nyo, {K}. and {E}vans, {W}. and {F}alk, {S}. and {F}eely, {R}. {A}. and {F}eng, {L}. and {F}ord, {D}. {J}. and {G}asser, {T}. and {G}hattas, {J}. and {G}kritzalis, {T}. and {G}rassi, {G}. and {G}regor, {L}. and {G}ruber, {N}. and {G}ürses, Ö and {H}arris, {I}. and {H}efner, {M}. and {H}einke, {J}. and {H}oughton, {R}. {A}. and {H}urtt, {G}. {C}. and {I}ida, {Y}. and {I}lyina, {T}. and {J}acobson, {A}. {R}. and {J}ain, {A}. and {J}arníková, {T}. and {J}ersild, {A}. and {J}iang, {F}. and {J}in, {Z}. and {J}oos, {F}. and {K}ato, {E}. and {K}eeling, {R}. {F}. and {K}ennedy, {D}. and {G}oldewijk, {K}. {K}. and {K}nauer, {J}. and {K}orsbakken, {J}. {I}. and {K}{\¨o}rtzinger, {A}. and {L}an, {X}. and {L}ef{\`e}vre, {N}athalie and et al.},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{A}ccurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide ({CO}2) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere in a changing climate is critical to better understand the global carbon cycle, support the development of climate policies, and project future climate change. {H}ere we describe and synthesize data sets and methodology to quantify the five major components of the global carbon budget and their uncertainties. {F}ossil {CO}2 emissions ({E}-{FOS}) are based on energy statistics and cement production data, while emissions from land-use change ({E}-{LUC}), mainly deforestation, are based on land-use and land-use change data and bookkeeping models. {A}tmospheric {CO}2 concentration is measured directly, and its growth rate ({G}({ATM})) is computed from the annual changes in concentration. {T}he ocean {CO}2 sink ({S}-{OCEAN}) is estimated with global ocean biogeochemistry models and observation-based f{CO}(2) products. {T}he terrestrial {CO}2 sink ({S}-{LAND}) is estimated with dynamic global vegetation models. {A}dditional lines of evidence on land and ocean sinks are provided by atmospheric inversions, atmospheric oxygen measurements, and {E}arth system models. {T}he resulting carbon budget imbalance ({B}-{IM}), the difference between the estimated total emissions and the estimated changes in the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere, is a measure of imperfect data and incomplete understanding of the contemporary carbon cycle. {A}ll uncertainties are reported as +/- 1 sigma. {F}or the year 2022, {E}-{FOS} increased by 0.9% relative to 2021, with fossil emissions at 9.9 +/- 0.5 {G}t{C} yr(-1) (10.2 +/- 0.5 {G}t{C} yr(-1) when the cement carbonation sink is not included), and {E}-{LUC} was 1.2 +/- 0.7 {G}t{C} yr(-1), for a total anthropogenic {CO}2 emission (including the cement carbonation sink) of 11.1 +/- 0.8 {G}t{C} yr(-1) (40.7 +/- 3.2 {G}t{CO}(2) yr(-1)). {A}lso, for 2022, {G}({ATM}) was 4.6 +/- 0.2 {G}t{C} yr(-1) (2.18 +/- 0.1 ppm yr(-1); ppm denotes parts per million), {S}-{OCEAN} was 2.8 +/- 0.4 {G}t{C} yr(-1), and {S}-{LAND} was 3.8 +/- 0.8 {G}t{C} yr(-1), with a {B}-{IM} of 0.1 {G}t{C} yr(-1) (i.e. total estimated sources marginally too low or sinks marginally too high). {T}he global atmospheric {CO}2 concentration averaged over 2022 reached 417.1 +/- 0.1 ppm. {P}reliminary data for 2023 suggest an increase in {E}-{FOS} relative to 2022 of +/- 1:1% (0.0% to 2.1 %) globally and atmospheric {CO}2 concentration reaching 419.3 ppm, 51% above the pre-industrial level (around 278 ppm in 1750). {O}verall, the mean of and trend in the components of the global carbon budget are consistently estimated over the period 1959-2022, with a near-zero overall budget imbalance, although discrepancies of up to around 1 {G}t {C}yr(-1) persist for the representation of annual to semi-decadal variability in {CO}2 fluxes. {C}omparison of estimates from multiple approaches and observations shows the following: (1) a persistent large uncertainty in the estimate of land-use changes emissions, (2) a low agreement between the different methods on the magnitude of the land {CO}2 flux in the northern extra-tropics, and (3) a discrepancy between the different methods on the strength of the ocean sink over the last decade. {T}his living-data update documents changes in methods and data sets applied to this most recent global carbon budget as well as evolving community understanding of the global carbon cycle. {T}he data presented in this work are available at https://doi.org/10.18160/{GCP}-2023 ({F}riedlingstein et al., 2023).},
  keywords = {{MONDE}},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{E}arth {S}ystem {S}cience {D}ata},
  volume = {15},
  numero = {12},
  pages = {5301--5369},
  ISSN = {1866-3508},
  year = {2023},
  DOI = {10.5194/essd-15-5301-2023},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010089641},
}