@article{fdi:010089546,
  title = {{W}ater footprint of cereals by remote sensing in {K}airouan {P}lain ({T}unisia)},
  author = {{D}ellaly, {V}. and {B}ellakanji, {A}. {C}. and {C}hakroun, {H}. and {S}aadi, {S}. and {B}oulet, {G}illes and {Z}ribi, {M}. and {C}habaane, {Z}. {L}.},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{T}his article aims to estimate the water footprint ({WF}) of cereals-specifically, wheat and barley-in the {K}airouan plain, located in central {T}unisia. {T}o achieve this objective, two components must be determined: actual evapotranspiration ({ET}a) and crop yield. {T}he study covers three growing seasons from 2010 to 2013. {T}he {ET}a estimation employed the {S}-{SEBI} (simplified surface energy balance index) model, utilizing {L}andsat 7 and 8 optical and thermal infrared spectral bands. {F}or yield estimation, an empirical model based on the normalized difference vegetation index ({NDVI}) was applied. {R}esults indicate the effectiveness of the {S}-{SEBI} model in estimating {ET}a, demonstrating an {R}2 of 0.82 and an {RMSE} of 0.45 mm/day. {C}oncurrently, yields mapped over the area range between 6 and 77 qx/ha. {G}lobally, cereals' average {WF} varied from 1.08 m3/kg to 1.22 m3/kg over the three study years, with the majority below 1 m3/kg. {N}otably in dry years, the importance of the blue {WF} is emphasized compared to years with average rainfall ({WF}b-2013 = 1.04 m3/kg, {WF}b-2012 = 0.61 m3/kg, {WF}b-2011 = 0.41 m3/kg). {M}oreover, based on an in-depth agronomic analysis combining yields and {WF}, four classes were defined, ranging from the most water efficient to the least, revealing that over 30% of cultivated areas during the study years (approximately 40% in 2011 and 2012 and 29% in 2013) exhibited low water efficiency, characterized by low yields and high {WF}. {A} unique index, the {WFI}, is proposed to assess the spatial variability of green and blue water. {S}patial analysis using the {WFI} highlighted that in 2012, 40% of cereal plots with low yields but high water consumption were irrigated (81% blue water compared to 6% in 2011).},
  keywords = {crop evapotranspiration ; {S}-{SEBI} ; yield ; water footprint ; remote sensing ; {TUNISIE}},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{R}emote {S}ensing},
  volume = {16},
  numero = {3},
  pages = {491 [22 p.]},
  year = {2024},
  DOI = {10.3390/rs16030491},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010089546},
}