@article{fdi:010089483,
  title = {{B}iology, ecology and control of the {M}editerranean fruit fly, {C}eratitis capitata ({D}iptera : {T}ephritidae), with special reference to biological control using entomopathogenic nematode ({EPN}) : a review},
  author = {{E}lqdhy, {M}. and {H}amza, {M}. {A}. and {A}skarne, {L}. and {F}ossati, {O}dile and {L}akhtar, {H}. and {E}l {M}ousadik, {A}. and {B}enoumar, {A}. {A}. and {M}sanda, {F}. and {B}oubaker, {H}.},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{B}ackground {C}eratitis capitata ({W}iedemann, 1824) ({D}iptera: {T}ephritidae) is a polyphagous, holometabolous and multivoltine insect that has spread from its supposed origin in sub-{S}aharan {A}frica to regions between 45 degrees north and 45 degrees south geographic latitude. {I}t is considered an important economic pest worldwide, due to the direct damage caused to fruit, the high cost of its management and the restriction of the export of fruit from infested countries to markets in countries exempt from infestation. {I}f no control measures are applied against this pest, {C}. capitata can destroy 50% of total production or 100% in "preferred" hosts. {C}urrently, chemical insecticides are commonly applied to control medflies due to their rapid and satisfactory action; however, this method has many problems, including the destruction of non-target organisms, residues on agricultural products, environmental pollution and the development of insect resistance to insecticides. {T}hese negative effects have led scientists to search for more sustainable and ecological new control methods. {R}ecently, great attention has been given to biological control, which has become a practical option for the ecological control of pests. {A}mong biological control, entomopathogenic nematodes ({EPN}s) have great potential as control agents for soil-borne pests, like {C}. capitata. {M}ain body {T}his review focuses particularly on the control of {C}. capitata, specifically emphasizing the use of {EPN}s as biological control agents and their integration into integrated pest management. {I}t is apparent from this study that species of {S}teinernema sp. and {H}eterorhabditis sp. are highly virulent against the late instars larvae and adults of {C}. capitata under controlled laboratory conditions, as well as these {EPN}s significantly reduce the population of this pest in semi-field and field trials. {T}he pathogenicity of entomopathogenic nematodes against {C}. capitata was influenced by natural physicochemical and anthropogenic factors. {T}he most effective {EPN}s were found to be compatible with certain mineral, chemical and biological products with insecticidal activity, indicating that these products can be combined with {EPN}s in the context of integrated control. {C}onclusion {B}ased on this, {EPN}s have a promising future as an alternative to conventional chemicals against {M}editerranean fruit fly.},
  keywords = {{B}iological control ; {C}eratitis capitata ; {E}ntomopathogenic nematodes ; {IPM}},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{J}ournal of {P}lant {D}iseases and {P}rotection},
  volume = {[{E}arly access]},
  numero = {},
  pages = {[38 p.]},
  ISSN = {1861-3829},
  year = {2024},
  DOI = {10.1007/s41348-023-00855-0},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010089483},
}