@article{fdi:010088754,
  title = {{S}tanding genetic variation and chromosome differences drove rapid ecotype formation in a major malaria mosquito},
  author = {{S}mall, {S}. {T}. and {C}ostantini, {C}arlo and {S}agnon, {N}. and {G}uelbeogo, {M}. {W}. and {E}mrich, {S}. {J}. and {K}ern, {A}. {D}. and {F}ontaine, {M}. {C}. and {B}esansky, {N}. {J}.},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{S}pecies distributed across heterogeneous environments often evolve locally adapted ecotypes, but understanding of the genetic mechanisms involved in their formation and maintenance in the face of gene flow is incomplete. {I}n {B}urkina {F}aso, the major {A}frican malaria mosquito {A}nopheles funestus comprises two strictly sympatric and morphologically indistinguishable yet karyotypically differentiated forms reported to differ in ecology and behavior. {H}owever, knowledge of the genetic basis and environmental determinants of {A}n. funestus diversification was impeded by lack of modern genomic resources. {H}ere, we applied deep whole-genome sequencing and analysis to test the hypothesis that these two forms are ecotypes differentially adapted to breeding in natural swamps versus irrigated rice fields. {W}e demonstrate genome-wide differentiation despite extensive microsympatry, synchronicity, and ongoing hybridization. {D}emographic inference supports a split only similar to 1,300 y ago, closely following the massive expansion of domesticated {A}frican rice cultivation similar to 1,850 y ago. {R}egions of highest divergence, concentrated in chromosomal inversions, were under selection during lineage splitting, consistent with local adaptation. {T}he origin of nearly all variations implicated in adaptation, including chromosomal inversions, substantially predates the ecotype split, suggesting that rapid adaptation was fueled mainly by standing genetic variation. {S}harp inversion frequency differences likely facilitated adaptive divergence between ecotypes by suppressing recombination between opposing chromosomal orientations of the two ecotypes, while permitting free recombination within the structurally monomorphic rice ecotype. {O}ur results align with growing evidence from diverse taxa that rapid ecological diversification can arise from evolutionarily old structural genetic variants that modify genetic recombination.},
  keywords = {{A}nopheles funestus ; chromosomal inversions ; genome re-sequencing ; local adaptation ; malaria vector ; {BURKINA} {FASO}},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{P}roceedings of the {N}ational {A}cademy of {S}ciences of the {U}nited {S}tates of {A}merica},
  volume = {120},
  numero = {11},
  pages = {e2219835120 [11 p.]},
  ISSN = {0027-8424},
  year = {2023},
  DOI = {10.1073/pnas.2219835120},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010088754},
}