@article{fdi:010087799,
  title = {{W}ater use efficiency across scales : from genes to landscapes},
  author = {{V}adez, {V}incent and {P}illoni, {R}aphael and {G}rondin, {A}lexandre and {H}ajjarpoor, {A}mir and {B}elhouchette, {H}. and {B}rouziyne, {Y}. and {C}hehbouni, {A}bdelghani and {K}harrou, {M}. {H}. and {Z}itouna-{C}hebbi, {R}. and {M}ekki, {I}. and {M}olenat, {J}. and {J}acob, {F}r{\'e}d{\'e}ric and {B}ossuet, {J}.},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{W}ater scarcity is already set to be one of the main issues of the 21st century, because of competing needs between civil, industrial, and agricultural use. {A}griculture is currently the largest user of water, but its share is bound to decrease as societies develop and clearly it needs to become more water efficient. {I}mproving water use efficiency ({WUE}) at the plant level is important, but translating this at the farm/landscape level presents considerable challenges. {A}s we move up from the scale of cells, organs, and plants to more integrated scales such as plots, fields, farm systems, and landscapes, other factors such as trade-offs need to be considered to try to improve {WUE}. {T}hese include choices of crop variety/species, farm management practices, landscape design, infrastructure development, and ecosystem functions, where human decisions matter. {T}his review is a cross-disciplinary attempt to analyse approaches to addressing {WUE} at these different scales, including definitions of the metrics of analysis and consideration of trade-offs. {T}he equations we present in this perspectives paper use similar metrics across scales to make them easier to connect and are developed to highlight which levers, at different scales, can improve {WUE}. {W}e also refer to models operating at these different scales to assess {WUE}. {W}hile our entry point is plants and crops, we scale up the analysis of {WUE} to farm systems and landscapes. {T}his review considers approaches to improving water use efficiency beyond the whole-plant level, across scales of time and space, from cells, organs, and plants, to fields, farms, and landscapes.},
  keywords = {{C}limate change ; crop breeding ; drought ; farming systems ; food security ; landscape ; water use efficiency ; {WUE}},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{J}ournal of {E}xperimental {B}otany},
  volume = {[{E}arly access]},
  numero = {},
  pages = {[19 p.]},
  ISSN = {0022-0957},
  year = {2023},
  DOI = {10.1093/jxb/erad052},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010087799},
}