@article{fdi:010087704,
  title = {{E}xploring multiscale variability in groundwater quality : a comparative analysis of spatial and temporal patterns via clustering},
  author = {{M}ohsine, {I}. and {K}acimi, {I}. and {A}braham, {S}. and {V}alles, {V}. and {B}arbi{\'e}ro, {L}aurent and {D}assonville, {F}. and {B}ahaj, {T}. and {K}assou, {N}. and {T}ouiouine, {A}. and {J}abrane, {M}. and {T}ouzani, {M}. and {E}l {M}ahrad, {B}. and {B}ouramtane, {T}.},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{D}efining homogeneous units to optimize the monitoring and management of groundwater is a key challenge for organizations responsible for the protection of water for human consumption. {H}owever, the number of groundwater bodies ({GWB}s) is too large for targeted monitoring and recommendations. {T}his study, carried out in the {P}rovence-{A}lpes-{C}ote d'{A}zur region of {F}rance, is based on the intersection of two databases, one grouping together the physicochemical and bacteriological analyses of water and the other delimiting the boundaries of groundwater bodies. {T}he extracted dataset contains 8627 measurements from 1143 observation points distributed over 63 {GWB}. {D}ata conditioning through logarithmic transformation, dimensional reduction through principal component analysis, and hierarchical classification allows the grouping of {GWB}s into 11 homogeneous clusters. {T}he fractions of unexplained variance ({FUV}) and {ANOVA} {R}-2 were calculated to assess the performance of the method at each scale. {F}or example, for the total dissolved load ({TDS}) parameter, the temporal variance was quantified at 0.36 and the clustering causes a loss of information with an {R}-2 going from 0.63 to 0.4 from the scale of the sampling point to that of the {GWB} cluster. {T}he results show that the logarithmic transformation reduces the effect of outliers and improves the quality of the {GWB} clustering. {T}he groups of {GWB}s are homogeneous and clearly distinguishable from each other. {T}he results can be used to define specific management and protection strategies for each group. {T}he study also highlights the need to take into account the temporal variability of groundwater quality when implementing monitoring and management programs.},
  keywords = {groundwater quality ; {E}uropean {U}nion {W}ater {F}ramework {D}irective ; groundwater {B}odies ; hydrogeological clusters ; environmental outliers ; {PACA} region of {F}rance ; {FRANCE} ; {EUROPE}},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{W}ater},
  volume = {15},
  numero = {8},
  pages = {1603 [16 ]},
  year = {2023},
  DOI = {10.3390/w15081603},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010087704},
}