@inproceedings{fdi:010087129,
  title = {{V}ulcanodinium rugosum - a potent and ubiquitous genus affecting mice and man [r{\'e}sum{\'e}]},
  author = {{H}ess, {P}. and {M}ertens, {K}. and {C}homerat, {N}. and {S}echet, {V}. and {H}erve, {F}. and {P}lessis, {L}. and {R}eveillon, {D}. and {B}rehmer, {P}atrice},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{T}he monotypic genus {V}ulcanodinium was erected in 2011 [1], and the unique species {V}. rugosum was associated with the production of pinnatoxins the same year [2]. {A}ccording to its morphology, {V}. rugosum is closely related to peridinioid/scrippsielloid dinoflagellates, such as the genus {B}ysmatrum from which it can be distinguished mainly by the pattern of anterior intercalary plates. {B}ased on {LSU} r{DNA} sequence data, the taxon was shown to belong to the order {P}eridiniales but it was not possible to affiliate it to a particular family, and molecular data showing a rather high divergence from other peridinioids supports the erection of the genus. {F}ew studies focused on the life cycle of this organism [3, 4], but while {V}. rugosum has been observed as a pelagic species, it also frequently forms clusters of non-motile (temporary cyst-like) cells embedded in a highly adherent mucous. {I}ts pelagic life forms obviously may contribute to its spread and some of the effects discussed below. {P}innatoxins ({P}n{TX}s), and their derivatives, pteriatoxins ({P}t{TX}s), are a group of macrocycles with cyclic imine and spiro-functions similar to spirolides and have been identified in shellfish well before the discovery of their causative organism [5-9]. {P}innatoxins are potent neurotoxins that were discovered using an isolation scheme bioguided by intraperitoneal mouse bioassay [7]. {T}he toxins act via blocking neurotransmission through their strong binding to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor [10, 11], and also activate {C}a2+-channels and inhibit expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 ({VCAM}-1) [12]. {A}fter isolation of a peridinioid dinoflagellate producer in {N}ew {Z}ealand and the isolation of pinnatoxins {E} and {F} in 2010 [13, 14], pinnatoxins were also rapidly reported in {A}ustralia, {C}hina, {J}apan, {C}anada and {E}urope in both algal strains and shellfish in areas of different ecology, notably {N}orway and {F}rance [2, 4,15-20], even if numerous ecological studies suggest warm water temperatures as a driver for significant bloom development [21-24]. {T}here is significant diversity of {P}n{TX}s among strains isolated from different regions which may vouch for further studies on intra-specific genetic diversity, and ballast water or other ship vectors have been suggested as a possible route of distribution of these organisms around the globe. {S}tudies on the cytotoxicity of the first {F}rench strain suggested presence of several toxins [25, 26]. {I}ndeed, a novel toxin, i.e. portimine, was simultaneously reported from a {N}ew {Z}ealand strain. {P}ortimine is a small macrocycle that also contains a cyclic imine group but only a single carbon with spiro-functionality, and presents greater cytotoxicity than {P}n{TX}s. {C}ontrarily to the diversity of {P}n{TX}s, all strains characterized globally appear to produce portimine. {S}hellfish appear to preferentially accumulate {P}n{TX}s rather than portimine, and {P}n{TX}s have been classified as fast acting or presenting atypical toxicity observed in mice, i.e. symptoms within 15 min. {S}till, to date, no acute intoxication through consumption of shellfish by humans has been confirmed to have been caused by {P}n{TX}s. {S}urprisingly, a bloom of {V}. rugosum in {C}ienfuegos {B}ay, {C}uba, has been reported to cause dermatitis in bathers [24], and we report here an event in {S}enegal where, in addition to {P}n{TX}-{H}, record values for portimine occurred in an offshore environment affecting artisanal fishermen with similar symptoms in 2020 and 2021. {F}urther research is underway to elucidate causative compounds and mechanisms of toxicity as well the genetic signature of strains involved.},
  keywords = {{NOUVELLE} {ZELANDE} ; {AUSTRALIE} ; {JAPON} ; {COREE} {DU} {SUD} ; {EUROPE} ; {FRANCE} ; {NORVEGE}},
  numero = {},
  pages = {en ligne [2 ]},
  booktitle = {},
  year = {2022},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010087129},
}