@article{fdi:010086113,
  title = {{C}lustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats in {X}anthomonas citri-witnesses to a global expansion of a bacterial pathogen over time},
  author = {{B}ellanger, {N}. and {D}ereeper, {A}lexis and {K}oebnik, {R}alf},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{X}anthomonas citri pv. citri, a {G}ram-negative bacterium, is the causal agent of citrus canker, a significant threat to citrus production. {U}nderstanding of global expansion of the pathogen and monitoring introduction into new regions are of interest for integrated disease management at the local and global level. {G}enetic diversity can be assessed using genomic approaches or information from partial gene sequences, satellite markers or clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats ({CRISPR}). {H}ere, we compared {CRISPR} loci from 355 strains of {X}. citri pv. citri, including a sample from ancient {DNA}, and generated the genealogy of the spoligotypes, i.e., the absence/presence patterns of {CRISPR} spacers. {W}e identified 26 novel spoligotypes and constructed their likely evolutionary trajectory based on the whole-genome information. {M}oreover, we analyzed similar to 30 additional pathovars of {X}. citri and found that the oldest part of the {CRISPR} array was present in the ancestor of several pathovars of {X}. citri. {T}his work presents a framework for further analyses of {CRISPR} loci and allows drawing conclusions about the global spread of the citrus canker pathogen, as exemplified by two introductions in {W}est {A}frica.},
  keywords = {{X}anthomonas citri ; citrus canker ; {CRISPR} ; ancient {DNA} ; spoligotyping ; epidemiology ; evolution},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{M}icroorganisms},
  volume = {10},
  numero = {9},
  pages = {1715 [18 p.]},
  year = {2022},
  DOI = {10.3390/microorganisms10091715},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010086113},
}