@article{fdi:010086042,
  title = {{H}ot and cold marine extreme events in the {M}editerranean over the period 1982-2021},
  author = {{S}imon, {A}. and {P}lecha, {S}. {M}. and {R}usso, {A}. and {T}eles-{M}achado, {A}. and {D}onat, {M}. {G}. and {A}uger, {P}ierre-{A}ma{\¨e}l and {T}rigo, {R}. {M}.},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{M}arine temperature extremes are anomalous ocean temperature events, often persisting over several weeks or longer, with potential impacts on physical and ecological processes that often encompass socio-economic implications. {I}n recent years, a considerable effort has been directed at the development of metrics allowing an objective characterization of both marine heatwaves ({MHW}s) and marine cold spells ({MCS}s). {H}owever, the majority of these metrics do not consider explicitly the spatial extent of the events. {H}ere, we rank and evaluate the relative importance of marine temperature extreme events thanks to a metric, called activity, that combines the number of events, duration, intensity and spatial extent. {A}ccording to this definition, in the {M}editerranean basin between 1982 and 2021, summer 2018 experienced slightly more {MHW} activity than summer 2003, documented as an exceptional extreme event. {B}esides, {MHW} activities were higher in the last two decades while winter {MCS} activities were higher in the 1980s-1990s. {T}he highest {MHW} activities occurred preferentially in the western {M}editerranean while the strongest {MCS} activities took place preferentially in the eastern {M}editerranean. {M}oreover, the duration, mean intensity, and activity of the three strongest {MHW}s are twice as high as those of the three strongest {MCS}s. {T}he long-term tendency of extreme events activity shows an accelerated increase for summer {MHW}s (about +150 degrees {C}.days.10km(2)) and a linear decrease for winter {MCS}s in the {M}editerranean (about -60 degrees {C}.days.10km(2)) over the last four decades.},
  keywords = {marine heatwave ({MHW}) ; marine cold spell ({MCS}) ; mediterranean ; spatial ; extent ; activity ; ranking ; climate change ; {MEDITERRANEE}},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{F}rontiers in {M}arine {S}cience},
  volume = {9},
  numero = {},
  pages = {892201 [12 p.]},
  year = {2022},
  DOI = {10.3389/fmars.2022.892201},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010086042},
}