@article{fdi:010086041,
  title = {{M}odelling debris-covered glacier ablation using the simultaneous heat and water transport model. {P}art 1 : {M}odel development and application to {N}orth {C}hangri {N}up},
  author = {{W}inter-{B}illington, {A}. and {D}adic, {R}. and {M}oore, {R}. {D}. and {F}lerchinger, {G}. and {W}agnon, {P}atrick and {B}anerjee, {A}.},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{M}odelling ablation of glacier ice under a layer of mineral debris is increasingly important, because the extent of supraglacial debris is expanding worldwide due to glacier recession. {P}hysically based models have been developed, but the uncertainty in predictions is not yet well constrained. {A} new one-dimensional model of debris-covered ice ablation that is based on the {S}imultaneous {H}eat and {W}ater transfer model is introduced here. {SHAW}-{G}lacier is a physically based, vertically integrated, fully coupled, water and energy balance model, which includes the advection of heat by rainwater and lateral flow. {SHAW}-{G}lacier was applied to {N}orth {C}hangri {N}up, a high elevation alpine glacier in the monsoon-dominated {C}entral {H}imalaya. {S}imulations were compared with observed debris temperature profiles, snow depth, and ablation stake measurements for debris 0.03-0.41 m thick, in a 2500 m(2) study area. {P}rediction uncertainty was estimated in a {M}onte {C}arlo analysis. {SHAW}-{G}lacier simulated the characteristic pattern of decreasing ablation with increasing debris thickness. {H}owever, the observations of ablation did not follow the characteristic pattern; annual ablation was highest where the debris was thickest. {R}ecursive partitioning revealed a substantial, non-linear sensitivity to the snow threshold air temperature, suggesting a sensitivity to the duration of snow cover. {P}hotographs showed patches of snow persisting through the ablation season, and the observational data were consistent with uneven persistence of snow patches. {T}he analyses indicate that patchy snow cover in the ablation season can overwhelm the sensitivity of sub-debris ablation to debris thickness. {P}atchy snow cover may be an unquantified source of uncertainty in predictions of sub-debris ablation.},
  keywords = {glacier ; debris ; ablation ; model ; {SHAW} ; physically based ; {C}hangri {N}up ; {HIMALAYA} ; {CHANGRI} {NUP}},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{F}rontiers in {E}arth {S}cience},
  volume = {10},
  numero = {},
  pages = {796877 [22 p.]},
  year = {2022},
  DOI = {10.3389/feart.2022.796877},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010086041},
}