@incollection{fdi:010085852,
  title = {{M}angrove restoration in the vicinity of oil and gas facilities : lessons learned from a large scale project},
  author = {{D}utrieux, {E}. and {P}roisy, {C}hristophe and {F}romard, {F}. and {W}alcker, {R}. and {I}lman, {M}. and {P}awlowski, {F}. and {F}erdiansyah, {H}.  and {P}onthieux, {O}.},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{M}angroves are critical ecosystems given their key role in conserving biodiversity, protecting coastlines from {\'e}rosion and supporting coastal resources. {T}hey may be impacted by oil and gas activities, either directly or indirectly. {R}estoring them is therefore of prime importance. {I}n the {M}ahakam {D}elta ({E}ast {K}alimantan, {I}ndonesia), oil and gas exploration and production have been conducted for more than 40 years. {T}his industry has operated in a quasi-pristine area barely affected by human activities until the mid 80's. {T}oward the late 1980's and until 2000, the delta was subject to massive and rapid development of shrimp farming and by 2001, 85% of the delta mangroves were destroyed and most of it replaced by ponds used for aquaculture. {B}y the end of 1990's, shrimp farm productivity in the delta decreased due to a lack of nutrients in ponds and the occurrence of shrimp diseases. {N}umerous ponds were abandoned in the delta. {T}his economic situation generated social instabilities that could threaten the oil and gas industry in the region. {T}herefore, in order to better protect mangroves and optimize restoration of damaged areas, {T}otal {E}&{P} {I}ndonesie embarked on a mangrove restoration initiative of the {M}ahakam {D}elta aimed at understanding and contributing to the restoration processes through both natural recolonization and planting techniques. {T}he general methodology implemented has been to i) describe the land cover using satellite imagery, interpreting aerial photos, conducting field work, and establishing {GIS} maps, ii) inventory the fauna and flora (including mangroves, birds, mammals, reptiles), iii) monitoring the naturally re-colonized areas, replanted areas and original forest in selected areas. {R}esults show that natural recolonization of a mangrove area can be very quick under certain conditions (subject to availability of seeds and easy access of seeds to the area to be recolonized). {B}ut in areas where seeds cannot easily move, or where seed supply is scarce, replanting remains the best option. {S}ocial aspects have also to be taken into account given that replanting can promote the local commitment to sustainable environmental conservation.},
  keywords = {{INDONESIE} ; {SULAWESI} ; {MAHAKAM} {DELTA}},
  booktitle = {{SPE} {I}nternational {C}onference on {H}ealth, {S}afety, and {E}nvironment : conference proceedings},
  numero = {},
  pages = {{SPE} 168449 [18 ]},
  address = {{L}ong {B}each},
  publisher = {{S}ociety of {P}etroleum {E}ngineering},
  series = {},
  year = {2014},
  DOI = {10.2118/168449-{MS}},
  ISBN = {978-1-61399-305-7},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010085852},
}