@article{fdi:010084746,
  title = {{B}iological invasion costs reveal insufficient proactive management worldwide},
  author = {{C}uthbert, {R}. {N}. and {D}iagne, {C}. and {H}udgins, {E}. {J}. and {T}urbelin, {A}. and {A}hmed, {D}. {A}. and {A}lbert, {C}. and {B}odey, {T}. {W}. and {B}riski, {E}. and {E}ssl, {F}. and {H}aubrock, {P}. {J}. and {G}ozlan, {R}odolphe and {K}irichenko, {N}. and {K}ourantidou, {M}. and {K}ramer, {A}. {M}. and {C}ourchamp, {F}.},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{T}he global increase in biological invasions is placing growing pressure on the management of ecological and economic systems. {H}owever, the effectiveness of current management expenditure is difficult to assess due to a lack of standardised measurement across spatial, taxonomic and temporal scales. {F}urthermore, there is no quantification of the spending difference between pre-invasion (e.g. prevention) and post-invasion (e.g. control) stages, although preventative measures are considered to be the most cost-effective. {H}ere, we use a comprehensive database of invasive alien species economic costs ({I}nva{C}ost) to synthesise and model the global management costs of biological invasions, in order to provide a better understanding of the stage at which these expenditures occur. {S}ince 1960, reported management expenditures have totalled at least {US}$95.3 billion (in 2017 values), considering only highly reliable and actually observed costs - 12-times less than damage costs from invasions ($1130.6 billion). {P}re-invasion management spending ($2.8 billion) was over 25-times lower than post-invasion expenditure ($72.7 billion). {M}anagement costs were heavily geographically skewed towards {N}orth {A}merica (54%) and {O}ceania (30%). {T}he largest shares of expenditures were directed towards invasive alien invertebrates in terrestrial environments. {S}pending on invasive alien species management has grown by two orders of magnitude since 1960, reaching an estimated $4.2 billion per year globally (in 2017 values) in the 2010s, but remains 1-2 orders of magnitude lower than damages. {N}ational management spending increased with incurred damage costs, with management actions delayed on average by 11 years globally following damage reporting. {T}hese management delays on the global level have caused an additional invasion cost of approximately $1.2 trillion, compared to scenarios with immediate management. {O}ur results indicate insufficient management - particularly pre-invasion - and urge better investment to prevent future invasions and to control established alien species. {R}ecommendations to improve reported management cost comprehensiveness, resolution and terminology are also made.},
  keywords = {{B}iosecurity ; {D}elayed control and eradication ; {G}lobal trends ; {I}nva{C}ost ; {I}nvasive alien species ; {S}ocio-economic impacts ; {MONDE}},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{S}cience of the {T}otal {E}nvironment},
  volume = {819},
  numero = {},
  pages = {153404 [12 p.]},
  ISSN = {0048-9697},
  year = {2022},
  DOI = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153404},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010084746},
}