@article{fdi:010084714,
  title = {{G}lobal {C}arbon {B}udget 2021 [{D}ata paper]},
  author = {{F}riedlingstein, {P}. and {J}ones, {M}. {W}. and {O}'{S}ullivan, {M}. and {A}ndrew, {R}. {M}. and {B}akker, {D}. {C}. {E}. and {H}auck, {J}. and {L}e {Q}uere, {C}. and {P}eters, {G}. {P}. and {P}eters, {W}. and {P}ongratz, {J}. and {S}itch, {S}. and {C}anadell, {J}. {G}. and {C}iais, {P}. and {J}ackson, {R}. {B}. and {A}lin, {S}. {R}. and {A}nthoni, {P}. and {B}ates, {N}. {R}. and {B}ecker, {M}. and {B}ellouin, {N}. and {B}opp, {L}. and {C}hau, {T}. {T}. {T}. and {C}hevallier, {F}. and {C}hini, {L}. {P}. and {C}ronin, {M}. and {C}urrie, {K}. {I}. and {D}echarme, {B}. and {D}jeutchouang, {L}. {M}. and {D}ou, {X}. {Y}. and {E}vans, {W}. and {F}eely, {R}. {A}. and {F}eng, {L}. and {G}asser, {T}. and {G}ilfillan, {D}. and {G}kritzalis, {T}. and {G}rassi, {G}. and {G}regor, {L}. and {G}ruber, {N}. and {G}urses, {O}. and {H}arris, {I}. and {H}oughton, {R}. {A}. and {H}urtt, {G}. {C}. and {I}ida, {Y}. and {I}lyina, {T}. and {L}uijkx, {I}. {T}. and {J}ain, {A}. and {J}ones, {S}. {D}. and {K}ato, {E}. and {K}ennedy, {D}. and {G}oldewijk, {K}. {K}. and {K}nauer, {J}. and {K}orsbakken, {J}. {I}. and {K}ortzinger, {A}. and {L}andschutzer, {P}. and {L}auvset, {S}. {K}. and {L}ef{\`e}vre, {N}athalie and et al.},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{A}ccurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide ({CO}2) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere in a changing climate is critical to better understand the global carbon cycle, support the development of climate policies, and project future climate change. {H}ere we describe and synthesize datasets and methodology to quantify the five major components of the global carbon budget and their uncertainties. {F}ossil {CO}2 emissions ({E}-{FOS}) are based on energy statistics and cement production data, while emissions from land-use change ({E}-{LUC}), mainly deforestation, are based on land use and land-use change data and bookkeeping models. {A}tmospheric {CO}2 concentration is measured directly, and its growth rate ({G}({ATM})) is computed from the annual changes in concentration. {T}he ocean {CO}2 sink ({S}-{OCEAN}) is estimated with global ocean biogeochemistry models and observation-based data products. {T}he terrestrial {CO}2 sink ({S}-{LAND}) is estimated with dynamic global vegetation models. {T}he resulting carbon budget imbalance ({B}-{IM}), the difference between the estimated total emissions and the estimated changes in the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere, is a measure of imperfect data and understanding of the contemporary carbon cycle. {A}ll uncertainties are reported as +/- 1 sigma. {F}or the first time, an approach is shown to reconcile the difference in our {E}-{LUC} estimate with the one from national greenhouse gas inventories, supporting the assessment of collective countries' climate progress. {F}or the year 2020, {E}-{FOS} declined by 5.4 % relative to 2019, with fossil emissions at 9.5 +/- 0.5 {G}t{C} yr(-1) (9.3 +/- 0.5 {G}t{C} yr(-1) when the cement carbonation sink is included), and {E}-{LUC} was 0.9 +/- 0.7 {G}t{C} yr(-1), for a total anthropogenic {CO}2 emission of 10.2 +/- 0.8 {G}t{C} yr(-1) (37.4 +/- 2.9 {G}t{CO}(2)). {A}lso, for 2020, {G}({ATM}) was 5.0 +/- 0.2 {G}t{C} yr-1 (2.4 +/- 0.1 ppm yr(-1)), {S}-{OCEAN} was 3.0 +/- 0.4 {G}t{C} yr(-1), and {S}-{LAND} was 2.9 +/- 1 {G}t{C} yr(-1), with a {B}-{IM} of -0.8 {G}t{C} yr(-1). {T}he global atmospheric {CO}2 concentration averaged over 2020 reached 412.45 +/- 0.1 ppm. {P}reliminary data for 2021 suggest a rebound in {E}-{FOS} relative to 2020 of +4.8 % (4.2 % to 5.4 %) globally. {O}verall, the mean and trend in the components of the global carbon budget are consistently estimated over the period 1959-2020, but discrepancies of up to 1 {G}t{C} yr(-1) persist for the representation of annual to semi-decadal variability in {CO}2 fluxes. {C}omparison of estimates from multiple approaches and observations shows (1) a persistent large uncertainty in the estimate of land-use changes emissions, (2) a low agreement between the different methods on the magnitude of the land {CO}2 flux in the northern extra-tropics, and (3) a discrepancy between the different methods on the strength of the ocean sink over the last decade. {T}his living data update documents changes in the methods and datasets used in this new global carbon budget and the progress in understanding of the global carbon cycle compared with previous publications of this dataset ({F}riedlingstein et al., 2020, 2019; {L}e {Q}uere et al., 2018b, a, 2016, 2015b, a, 2014, 2013). {T}he data presented in this work are available at ({F}riedlingstein et al., 2021).},
  keywords = {{MONDE}},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{E}arth {S}ystem {S}cience {D}ata},
  volume = {14},
  numero = {4},
  pages = {1917--2005},
  ISSN = {1866-3508},
  year = {2022},
  DOI = {10.5194/essd-14-1917-2022},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010084714},
}