@article{fdi:010084272,
  title = {{P}otential use of constructed wetland systems for rural sanitation and wastewater reuse in agriculture in the {M}oroccan context},
  author = {{H}didou, {M}. and {N}ecibi, {M}. {C}. and {L}abille, {J}. and {E}l {H}ajjaji, {S}. and {D}hiba, {D}. and {C}hehbouni, {A}bdelghani and {R}oche, {N}.},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{L}ocated in a semi-arid to arid region, {M}orocco is confronting increasing water scarcity challenges. {I}n the circular economy paradigm, the reuse of treated wastewater in agriculture is currently considered a possible solution to mitigate water shortage and pollution problems. {I}n recent years, {M}orocco has made significative progress in urban wastewater treatment under the {N}ational {W}astewater {P}rogram ({PNA}). {H}owever, rural sanitation has undergone significant delays. {T}herefore, an alternative technology for wastewater treatment and reuse in rural areas is investigated in this review, considering the region's economic, social, and regulatory characteristics. {C}onstructed wetlands ({CW}s) are a simple, sustainable, and cost-effective technology that has yet to be fully explored in {M}orocco. {CW}s, indeed, appear to be suitable for the treatment and reuse of wastewater in remote rural areas if they can produce effluent that meets the standards of agricultural irrigation. {I}n this review, 29 studies covering 16 countries and different types of wastewater were collected and studied to assess the treatment efficiency of different types of {CW}s under different design and operational parameters, as well as their potential application in agricultural reuse. {T}he results demonstrated that the removal efficiency of conventional contamination such as organic matter and suspended solids is generally high. {CW}s also demonstrated a remarkable capacity to remove heavy metals and emerging contaminants such as pharmaceuticals, care products, etc. {T}he removal of microbial contamination, on the other hand, is challenging, and does not satisfy the standards all the time. {H}owever, it can be improved using hybrid constructed wetlands or by adding polishing treatment. {I}n addition, several studies reported that {CW}s managed to produce effluent that met the requirements of wastewater reuse in agriculture of different countries or organisations including {M}orocco.},
  keywords = {circular economy ; constructed wetland ; water-energy nexus ; rural ; sanitation ; wastewater reuse ; {MAROC}},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{E}nergies},
  volume = {15},
  numero = {1},
  pages = {156 [26 ]},
  year = {2022},
  DOI = {10.3390/en15010156},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010084272},
}