@article{fdi:010084256,
  title = {{A} case-control study of the causes of acute respiratory infection among hospitalized patients in {N}ortheastern {L}aos},
  author = {{P}hommasone, {K}. and {X}aiyaphet, {X}. and {G}arcia-{R}ivera, {J}. {A}. and {H}ontz, {R}. {D}. and {P}athavongsa, {V}. and {K}eomoukda, {P}. and {V}ongsouvath, {M}. and {M}ayxay, {M}. and {V}ongsouvath, {M}. and {N}ewton, {P}. {N}. and {A}shley, {E}. {A}. and {D}ubot {P}{\'e}r{\`e}s, {A}udrey},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{W}ith the advent of highly sensitive real-time {PCR}, multiple pathogens have been identified from nasopharyngeal swabs of patients with acute respiratory infections ({ARI}s). {H}owever, the detection of microorganisms in the upper respiratory tract does not necessarily indicate disease causation. {W}e conducted a matched case-control study, nested within a broader fever aetiology project, to facilitate determination of the aetiology of {ARI}s in hospitalised patients in {N}ortheastern {L}aos. {C}onsenting febrile patients of any age admitted to {X}iengkhuang {P}rovincial {H}ospital were included if they met the inclusion criteria for {ARI} presentation (at least one of the following: cough, rhinorrhoea, nasal congestion, sore throat, difficulty breathing, and/or abnormal chest auscultation). {O}ne healthy control for each patient, matched by sex, age, and village of residence, was recruited for the study. {N}asopharyngeal swabs were collected from participants and tested for 33 pathogens by probe-based multiplex real-time {RT}-{PCR} ({F}ast{T}rack {D}iagnostics {R}espiratory pathogen 33 kit). {A}ttributable fraction of illness for a given microorganism was calculated by comparing results between patients and controls (= 100 * [{OR} - 1]/{OR}) ({OR} = odds ratio). {B}etween 24th {J}une 2019 and 24th {J}une 2020, 205 consenting {ARI} patients and 205 matching controls were recruited. {A}fter excluding eight pairs due to age mismatch, 197 pairs were included in the analysis. {M}ales were predominant with sex ratio 1.2:1 and children < 5 years old accounted for 59% of participants. {A}t least one potential pathogen was detected in 173 (88%) patients and 175 (89%) controls. {ARI} in admitted patients were attributed to influenza {B} virus, influenza {A} virus, human metapneumovirus ({HMPV}), and respiratory syncytial virus ({RSV}) in 17.8%, 17.2%, 7.5%, and 6.5% of participants, respectively. {SARS}-{C}o{V}-2 was not detected in any cases or controls. {D}etermining {ARI} aetiology in individual patients remains challenging. {A}mong hospitalised patients with {ARI} symptoms presenting to a provincial hospital in {N}ortheastern {L}aos, half were determined to be caused by one of several respiratory viruses, in particular influenza {A} virus, influenza {B} virus, {HMPV}, and {RSV}.},
  keywords = {{LAOS}},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{S}cientific {R}eports - {N}ature},
  volume = {12},
  numero = {1},
  pages = {939 [11 p.]},
  ISSN = {2045-2322},
  year = {2022},
  DOI = {10.1038/s41598-022-04816-9},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010084256},
}