@article{fdi:010083877,
  title = {{F}ree-ranging pigs identified as a multi-reservoir of {T}rypanosoma brucei and {T}rypanosoma congolense in the {V}avoua area, a historical sleeping sickness focus of {C}ote d'{I}voire},
  author = {{T}raor{\'e}, {B}. {M}. and {K}offi, {M}. and {N}'{D}jetchi, {M}. {K}. and {K}aba, {D}. and {K}abor{\'e}, {J}. and {I}lboudo, {H}. and {A}houty, {B}. {A}. and {K}on{\'e}, {M}. and {C}oulibaly, {B}. and {K}onan, {T}. and {S}egard, {A}deline and {K}ouakou, {L}. and {D}e {M}eeûs, {T}hierry and {R}avel, {S}ophie and {S}olano, {P}hilippe and {B}art, {J}ean-{M}athieu and {J}amonneau, {V}incent},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{B}ackground {T}he existence of an animal reservoir of {T}rypanosoma brucei gambiense ({T}. b. gambiense), the agent of human {A}frican trypanosomiasis ({HAT}), may compromise the interruption of transmission targeted by {W}orld {H}ealth {O}rganization. {T}he aim of this study was to investigate the presence of trypanosomes in pigs and people in the {V}avoua {HAT} historical focus where cases were still diagnosed in the early 2010's. {M}ethods{F}or the human survey, we used the {CATT}, mini-anion exchange centrifugation technique and immune trypanolysis tests. {F}or the animal survey, the buffy coat technique was also used as well as the {PCR} using {T}rypanosoma species specific, including the {T}. b. gambiense {T}gs{GP} detection using single round and nested {PCR}s, performed from animal blood samples and from strains isolated from subjects positive for parasitological investigations. {R}esults{N}o {HAT} cases were detected among 345 people tested. {A} total of 167 pigs were investigated. {F}ree-ranging pigs appeared significantly more infected than pigs in pen. {O}ver 70% of free-ranging pigs were positive for {CATT} and parasitological investigations and 27-43% were positive to trypanolysis depending on the antigen used. {T}. brucei was the most prevalent species (57%) followed by {T}. congolense (24%). {B}lood sample extracted {DNA} of {T}. brucei positive subjects were negative to single round {T}gs{GP} {PCR}. {H}owever, 1/22 and 6/22 isolated strains were positive with single round and nested {T}gs{GP} {PCR}s, respectively. {D}iscussion{F}ree-ranging pigs were identified as a multi-reservoir of {T}. brucei and/or {T}. congolense with mixed infections of different strains. {T}his trypanosome diversity hinders the easy and direct detection of {T}. b. gambiense. {W}e highlight the lack of tools to prove or exclude with certainty the presence of {T}. b. gambiense. {T}his study once more highlights the need of technical improvements to explore the role of animals in the epidemiology of {HAT}. {A}uthor summary{S}ignificant efforts to control human {A}frican trypanosomiasis ({HAT}) since the 1990's have drastically reduced the prevalence of the disease. {I}ts elimination as a public health problem is being achieved. {W}orld {H}ealth {O}rganization now targets the interruption of transmission for 2030. {H}owever, potential animal reservoirs of {T}rypanosoma brucei gambiense ({T}. b. gambiense), the main agent of {HAT}, may compromise this ambitious objective. {I}t is the case in the {V}avoua historical focus in {C}ote d'{I}voire where {HAT} cases were still diagnosed in the early 2010's. {D}uring a study conducted in this area, we scrutinized the trypanosomes circulating in pigs and people sharing the same environment using serological, immunological, parasitological and molecular tools. {N}o {HAT} cases were detected. {W}e showed that {T}. brucei s.l. and {T}. congolense actively circulated in free-ranging pigs. {E}ven if no tools were sensitive and specific enough to unambiguously identify {T}. b. gambiense directly from biological samples, six isolated strains from pigs positive for trypanosomes were amplified for {T}gs{GP}, the only currently accepted {T}. b. gambiense specific molecular marker. {T}he apparent discrepancies between the presence of {T}. b. gambiense in pigs despite the absence of human cases is discussed. {T}hese results stress the need for an efficient "molecular toolbox" to easily detect and identify {T}. b. gambiense in any animal it may infect.},
  keywords = {{COTE} {D}'{IVOIRE}},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{PL}o{S} {N}eglected {T}ropical {D}iseases},
  volume = {15},
  numero = {12},
  pages = {e0010036 [19 p.]},
  ISSN = {1935-2735},
  year = {2021},
  DOI = {10.1371/journal.pntd.0010036},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010083877},
}