@article{fdi:010083801,
  title = {{S}witzerland's {PM}10 and {PM}2.5 environmental increments show the importance of non-exhaust emissions},
  author = {{G}range, {S}. {K}. and {F}ischer, {A}. and {Z}ellweger, {C}. and {A}lastuey, {A}. and {Q}uerol, {X}. and {J}affrezo, {J}. {L}. and {W}eber, {S}. and {U}zu, {G}a{\¨e}lle and {H}ueglin, {C}.},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{A}tmospheric particulate matter ({PM}) is a priority pollutant for urban air pollution management because of its negative effects on human health and visibility. {E}missions from road traffic have been a major focus of management over the past few decades, but non-exhaust emissions i.e., emissions from brake, tyre, road wear, and the resuspension of dust have emerged to become a major source of unregulated {PM} in many locations. {H}ere, a filter-based sampling campaign was conducted between 2018 and 2019 where a large number of {PM} constituents were quantified for five sites in {S}witzerland for both {PM}10 and {PM}2.5. {T}his had the objective of investigating urban and urban-traffic {PM} increments in {S}witzerland. {T}he results show that {PM} concentrations increased as the sampling locations moved along a rural to urban-traffic gradient. {H}owever, source apportionment analysis showed that sulfate-rich, nitrate-rich, and biogenic sources were not enhanced in urban environments, but road traffic and mineral dust sources were. {T}he total mass enhancement for {PM}10 and {PM} 2.5 were 2.4 mu g m(-3) and 2.0 mu g m(-3) for the urban environment while the corresponding urban-traffic enhancements were 5.7 mu g m(-3) and 2.8 mu g m(-3). {E}missions from road traffic were estimated to contribute more than 75% to the urban increments and non-exhaust emissions contributed 48% ({PM}10) and 25% ({PM}2.5) to the total road traffic related increment at an urban background site and 62% ({PM}10) and 49% ({PM}2.5) at an urban-traffic site. {A}nalysis of the composition of {S}witzerland's {PM} showed that elements associated with non-exhaust emissions, specifically the brake wear tracers of antimony, barium, copper, and iron were the metals with the greatest urban and urban-traffic enhancements. {C}ritically, the urban increment of these elements was enhanced for both {PM}10 and {PM}2.5 by about the same magnitude as the urban-traffic increment (by 2-3 times), demonstrating non-exhaust emissions are encountered across urban areas, not just the urban-traffic environment. {T}herefore, non-exhaust emissions were an important contributor to the urban and urban-traffic {PM}10 and {PM}2.5 increments in {S}witzerland's urban areas. {T}he relative contributions of non-exhaust emissions to the urban and urban-traffic increments could be expected to increase due to the introduction of further exhaust after-treatment technologies (such as gasoline particulate filters; {GPF}s) and the transition to a more electrified vehicle fleet. {A} management pivot will be required to control these non-exhaust emission pathways and although this work exclusively uses data from {S}witzerland, the conclusions are likely relevant to many other {E}uropean urban areas.},
  keywords = {{P}articulate matter ; {R}oad traffic ; {S}ource apportionment ; {PMF} ; {U}rban increment ; {SUISSE} ; {EUROPE}},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{A}tmospheric {E}nvironment-{X}},
  volume = {12},
  numero = {},
  pages = {100145 [14 p.]},
  year = {2021},
  DOI = {10.1016/j.aeaoa.2021.100145},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010083801},
}