Boudouresque C. F. auteur aut IRD Barcelo A. auteur aut IRD Blanfune A. auteur aut IRD Changeux Thomas auteur aut IRD Martin G. auteur aut IRD Medail F. auteur aut IRD Perret-Boudouresque M. auteur aut IRD Ponel P. auteur aut IRD Ruitton S. auteur aut IRD Taupier-Letage I. auteur aut IRD Thibaut T. auteur aut IRD text journalArticle eng text/pdf reformatted digital access The Port-Cros National Park (PCNP), established in 1963, was one of the earliest terrestrial and marine parks in the Mediterranean Sea. From 2012, it engaged in a major redefinition and extension of its territory (N-PCNP-New Port-Cros National Park). This case is particularly interesting insofar as the protected area has been competently and efficiently managed since its creation, and protection and management measures have been strictly implemented: in the Mediterranean, the PCNP has often been considered as a benchmark. Here, we critically analyse almost 60 years of the management of the biodiversity and the human uses, with their share of successes and failures, certain operations which are today regarded as errors, and a doctrine today of a priori non-interventionism, in contrast to the doctrine in vogue in the early years. Of particular interest is the change in outlook with regard to actions favouring flagship species, such as building a tower for bats, setting up artificial nests for seabirds, and constructing an artificial reef at sea. The question of the natural arrival of the wild boar, a native species, and the hostility of the public and some species-centred scientists, is particularly instructive. We analyse these changes in the light of the ongoing trends in concepts in ecology and nature conservation, and the shift from a species-centred to an ecosystem-centred approach. It is worth emphasizing that a critical review of almost 60 years of management is a very rare exercise in a national park anywhere in the world. specialized artificial reefs bats biodiversity management mediterranean protected areas Port-Cros National Park Sus scrofa threatened species MEDITERRANEE FRANCE 036 082 021 13 11 594 [30 ] 2021 https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010083785 10.3390/d13110594 [F B010083785] https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010083785 https://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/2022-01/010083785.pdf IRD - Base Horizon / Pleins textes 2022-01-12 2025-02-24 fdi:010083785 fre