@incollection{fdi:010082930,
  title = {{M}oisture pattern during the last glacial maximum in {S}outh {A}merica},
  author = {{S}ylvestre, {F}lorence},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{T}he {L}ast {G}lacial {M}aximum ({LGM}) is still an exciting period of time for investigating ecosystem responses to climate changes since it corresponds to a steady state in a glacial world with maximum global expansion of ice-sheets, {CO}2 concentrations half those of today, temperatures up to 5?{C} cooler in the tropical lowlands, and precipitation regimes differed from today. {S}outh {A}merica is an ideal place to study these changes since climatic conditions during the {LGM} remain a matter of debate. {T}here is general agreement that the temperature was cooler than today, but there is no consensus about moisture conditions, especially over tropical latitudes. {T}his paper reviews terrestrial and near-shore marine records from {S}outh {A}merica between 10°{N} and 50°{S} during the {LGM}. {R}ecords are selected for their chronological control, their continuity around the {LGM} and their regional representativeness.{T}his review aims to show how regional climates of the sub-continent have responded to orbital forcing as opposed to other global glacial boundary conditions, and how they are related to positions of the {I}ntertropical {C}onvergence {Z}one ({ITCZ}) and of the westerly belt. {A} clear pattern emerges for the northern and the southern latitudes, which were respectively drier and wetter, but in the tropical lowlands the pattern remains unclear. {T}he characterization of this area is of particular interest because of the central role played by atmospheric convection centred on the {A}mazon basin. {M}odeling experiments argue for drier {LGM} tropical conditions but several lines of evidence contradict these results. {C}urrently, moister conditions are explained by a glacial boundary forcing mechanism implying a southern shift of the {ITCZ} and a reinforcement of the {S}outh {A}merican summer monsoon ({SASM}), bringing more humidity to the tropical {A}ndes as far as southern {B}razil. {T}his hypothesis may explain a large portion of the ecosystem responses during the {LGM}, but does not account for all observed changes. {P}aucity of site reconstructions (e.g. in the {A}mazon basin), and lack of quantitative paleoclimatic responses derived from proxies to environmental conditions could partly explain the observed discrepancies. {R}egional responses of mosaic environmental ecosystems to a generally cooler temperature could be involved, without any need to invoke precessionnal and extra-tropical influences.},
  keywords = {{VENEZUELA} ; {COLOMBIE} ; {EQUATEUR} ; {PEROU} ; {BOLIVIE} ; {CHILI} ; {ARGENTINE} ; {ANDES} ; {AMERIQUE} {DU} {SUD} ; {AMAZONE} {BASSIN}},
  booktitle = {{P}ast climate variability in {S}outh {A}merica and surrounding regions : from the last glacial maximum to the {H}olocene},
  numero = {14},
  pages = {3--27},
  address = {[{D}ordrecht]},
  publisher = {{S}pringer},
  series = {{D}evelopments in {P}aleoenvironmental {R}esearch},
  year = {2009},
  DOI = {10.1007/978-90-481-2672-9_1},
  ISBN = {978-90-481-2671-2},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010082930},
}