@article{fdi:010082782,
  title = {{S}urface energy balance and flux partitioning of annual crops in southwestern {F}rance},
  author = {{D}are-{I}dowu, {O}. and {B}rut, {A}. and {C}uxart, {J}. and {T}allec, {T}. and {R}ivalland, {V}. and {Z}awilski, {B}. and {C}eschia, {E}. and {J}arlan, {L}ionel},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{I}n the micrometeorology community, it is well known that the turbulent fluxes measured with eddy covariance ({EC}) systems do not usually equal the available energy. {H}ence, qualitative knowledge of the impact of different vegetation types, and climatic variables on this 'nonclosure' is essential. {T}his study analyzed a unique database of {EC} flux measurements covering 8 growing seasons of 3 crops (maize, wheat, and rapeseed) cultivated over two close agricultural sites ({FR}-{L}am and {FR}-{A}ur) in southwestern {F}rance. {F}or data analysis, some dry and wet cropping seasons of the same crop type were selected; then, their phenological stages were identified to investigate their effect on the energy balance closure ({EBC}), and flux partitioning. {T}he results showed that the systematic effect of each site on the {EBC} was stronger than the influence of crop type and stage, as {EBC} was generally higher at {FR}-{A}ur (82%) than at {FR}-{L}am (67%), even for the same crop type. {T}he assessed effect of rainfall, and phenological stages on energy partitioning revealed that during the wet seasons, over 42% of the net radiation ({R}n) was accounted for by the latent heat flux ({LE}), which was 9% higher than the recorded {LE} in the dry year during the active vegetation period. {S}imilarly, the ground heat flux ({G}) was observed to be very sensitive to vegetation; {G} accounted for 30% of {R}n when vegetation was low, whereas at the peak of vegetation, it fell below 16% due to canopy shading. {C}losure was also assessed under various atmospheric stability conditions and wind sectors, and it was observed to be higher under unstable conditions, and in prevailing wind directions. {A}nalysis of the sensible heat advection ({A}({H})) revealed that {A}({H}) accounts for more than half of the imbalance at both sites.},
  keywords = {{S}urface energy balance ; {E}ddy covariance ; {F}lux partitioning ; {A}dvection ; {FRANCE} ; {OCCITANIE}},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{A}gricultural and {F}orest {M}eteorology},
  volume = {308},
  numero = {},
  pages = {108529 [13 ]},
  ISSN = {0168-1923},
  year = {2021},
  DOI = {10.1016/j.agrformet.2021.108529},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010082782},
}