@article{fdi:010082707,
  title = {{E}nvironmental determinants of {E}. coli, link with the diarrheal diseases, and indication of vulnerability criteria in tropical {W}est {A}frica ({K}apore, {B}urkina {F}aso)},
  author = {{R}obert, {E}. and {G}rippa, {M}. and {N}ikiema, {D}. {E}. and {K}ergoat, {L}. and {K}oudougou, {H}. and {A}uda, {Y}. and {R}ochelle-{N}ewall, {E}mma},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{A}uthor summary {I}n 2017, diarrheal diseases were responsible for 1.57 million deaths, principally in {S}ub-{S}aharan {A}frica. {M}any diarrheal diseases are caused by the presence of enteric pathogens in surface water including {E}scherichia coli ({E}. coli), a frequently used indicator of the presence of these pathogens. {Y}et, few studies have been carried out in {W}est {A}frica to verify this link or to study the relationship between diarrheal diseases, {E}. coli and environmental parameters. {T}hese diarrheal diseases also influenced by socio-health vulnerabilities. {T}his case study addresses the dynamics of {E}. coli along with another fecal indicator bacteria, enterococci, as well as diarrheal diseases (from three health centers) and socio-health vulnerability (from three villages and {F}ulani settlements) and their relationship with hydro-meteorological parameters derivable by satellite. {T}he study site is located in the {B}agre reservoir in {B}urkina {F}aso where {S}uspended {P}articulate {M}atter ({SPM}) and {E}. coli were monitored over one year. {W}ater was generally polluted by bacteria of fecal origin throughout the year and more so during the rainy season. {W}e observed a significant relationship between {E}. coli and enterococci. {E}. coli concentrations were strongly correlated to, and predicted by, precipitation, satellite reflectance in the {NIR} band by {S}entinel-2, and {SPM} measured in-situ. {D}iarrheal diseases were also strongly correlated with these variables as well as {E}. coli. {V}ulnerability of the population to diarrhea increases during the rainy season. {T}he microbiological health risk is more important during the rainy season, from {J}une to {S}eptember, and especially concerns the {F}ulani settlements. {I}n 2017, diarrheal diseases were responsible for 606 024 deaths in {S}ub-{S}aharan {A}frica. {T}his situation is due to domestic and recreational use of polluted surface waters, deficits in hygiene, access to healthcare and drinking water, and to weak environmental and health monitoring infrastructures. {E}scherichia coli ({E}. coli) is an indicator for the enteric pathogens that cause many diarrheal diseases. {T}he links between {E}. coli, diarrheal diseases and environmental parameters have not received much attention in {W}est {A}frica, and few studies have assessed health risks by taking into account hazards and socio-health vulnerabilities. {T}his case study, carried out in {B}urkina {F}aso ({B}agre {R}eservoir), aims at filling this knowledge gap by analyzing the environmental variables that play a role in the dynamics of {E}. coli, cases of diarrhea, and by identifying initial vulnerability criteria. {A} particular focus is given to satellite-derived parameters to assess whether remote sensing can provide a useful tool to assess the health hazard. {S}amples of surface water were routinely collected to measure {E}. coli, enterococci and suspended particulate matter ({SPM}) at a monitoring point ({K}apore) during one year. {I}n addition, satellite data were used to estimate precipitation, water level, {N}ormalized {D}ifference {V}egetation {I}ndex ({NDVI}) and {SPM}. {M}onthly epidemiological data for cases of diarrhea from three health centers were also collected and compared with microbiological and environmental data. {F}inally, semi-structured interviews were carried out to document the use of water resources, contact with elements of the hydrographic network, health behavior and condition, and water and health policy and prevention, in order to identify the initial vulnerability criteria. {A} positive correlation between {E}. coli and enterococci in surface waters was found indicating that {E}. coli is an acceptable indicator of fecal contamination in this region. {E}. coli and diarrheal diseases were strongly correlated with monsoonal precipitation, in situ {SPM}, and {N}ear {I}nfra-{R}ed ({NIR}) band between {M}arch and {N}ovember. {P}artial least squares regression showed that {E}. coli concentration was strongly associated with precipitation, {S}entinel-2 reflectance in the {NIR} and {SPM}, and that the cases of diarrhea were strongly associated with precipitation, {NIR}, {E}. coli, {SPM}, and to a lesser extent with {NDVI}. {M}oreover, {E}. coli dynamics were reproduced using satellite data alone, particularly from {F}ebruary to mid-{D}ecember ({R}-2 = 0.60) as were cases of diarrhea throughout the year ({R}-2 = 0.76). {T}his implies that satellite data could provide an important contribution to water quality monitoring. {F}inally, the vulnerability of the population was found to increase during the rainy season due to reduced accessibility to healthcare and drinking water sources and increased use of water of poor quality. {D}uring this period, surface water is used because it is close to habitations, easy to use and free from monetary or political constraints. {T}his vulnerability is aggravated by marginality and particularly affects the {F}ulani, whose concessions are often close to surface water (river, lake) and far from health centers.},
  keywords = {{BURKINA} {FASO} ; {KAPORE}},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{PL}o{S} {N}eglected {T}ropical {D}iseases},
  volume = {15},
  numero = {8},
  pages = {e0009634 [37 p.]},
  ISSN = {1935-2735},
  year = {2021},
  DOI = {10.1371/journal.pntd.0009634},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010082707},
}