@article{fdi:010082247,
  title = {{T}he effectiveness of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine against hypoxic pneumonia in children in {L}ao {P}eople's {D}emocratic {R}epublic : an observational hospital-based test-negative study},
  author = {{W}eaver, {R}. and {N}guyen, {C}. {D}. and {C}han, {J}. and {V}ilivong, {K}. and {L}ai, {J}. {Y}. {R}. and {L}im, {R}. and {S}atzke, {C}. and {V}ongsakid, {M}. and {N}ewton, {P}. {N}. and {M}ulholland, {K}. and {G}ray, {A}. and {D}ubot {P}{\'e}r{\`e}s, {A}udrey and {D}ance, {D}. {A}. {B}. and {R}ussell, {F}. {M}.},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{B}ackground: {P}neumococcal pneumonia is a leading cause of childhood mortality. {P}neumococcal conjugate vaccines ({PCV}s) have been shown to reduce hypoxic pneumonia in children. {H}owever, there are no studies from {A}sia examining the effectiveness of {PCV}s on hypoxic pneumonia. {W}e describe a novel approach to determine the effectiveness of the 13-valent {PCV} ({PCV}13) against hypoxia in children admitted with pneumonia in the {L}ao {P}eople's {D}emocratic {R}epublic. {M}ethods: {A} prospective hospital-based, test-negative observational study of children aged up to 59 months admitted with pneumonia to a single tertiary hospital in {V}ientiane was undertaken over 54 months. {P}neumonia was defined using the 2013 {WHO} definition. {H}ypoxia was defined as oxygen saturation <90% in room air or requiring oxygen supplementation during hospitalisation. {T}est-negative cases and controls were children with hypoxic and non-hypoxic pneumonia, respectively. {PCV}13 status was determined by written record. {V}accine effectiveness was calculated using logistic regression. {P}ropensity score and multiple imputation analyses were used to handle confounding and missing data. {F}indings: {T}here were 826 children admitted with pneumonia, 285 had hypoxic pneumonia and 377 were {PCV}13-vaccinated. {T}he unadjusted, propensity-score adjusted and multiple-imputation adjusted estimates of vaccine effectiveness against hypoxic pneumonia were 23% (95% confidence interval: -9, 46%; p=0.14); 37% (6, 57%; p=0.02) and 35% (7, 55%; p=0.02) respectively. {I}nterpretation: {PCV}13 is effective against hypoxic pneumonia in {A}sia, and should be prioritised for inclusion in national immunisation programs. {T}his single hospital-based, test-negative approach can be used to assess vaccine effectiveness in other similar settings.},
  keywords = {{P}neumococcal conjugate vaccine ; {P}neumonia ; {H}ypoxia ; {V}accine effectiveness ; {C}hildren ; {T}est-negative ; {LAOS}},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{L}ancet {R}egional {H}ealth-{W}estern {P}acific},
  volume = {2},
  numero = {},
  pages = {100014 [8 p.]},
  ISSN = {2666-6065},
  year = {2020},
  DOI = {10.1016/j.lanwpc.2020.100014},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010082247},
}