@article{fdi:010082233,
  title = {{W}ater level status of {I}ndian reservoirs : a synoptic view from altimeter observations},
  author = {{T}hakur, {P}. {K}. and {G}arg, {V}. and {K}alura, {P}. and {A}grawal, {B}. and {S}harma, {V}. and {M}ohapatra, {M}. and {K}alia, {M}. and {A}ggarwal, {S}. {P}. and {C}almant, {S}t{\'e}phane and {G}hosh, {S}. and {D}hote, {P}. {R}. and {S}harma, {R}. and {C}hauhan, {P}.},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{M}ost of the part of {I}ndia is already under water-stressed condition. {I}n this regard, the continuous monitoring of the water levels ({WL}) and storage capacity of reservoirs, lakes, and rivers is very important for the estimation and utilization of water resources effectively. {T}he long term ground observed {WL} of many of the water bodies is not easily available, which may be very critical for proper water resources management. {S}atellite radar altimetry is the remote sensing technique, which is being used to study sea surface height for the last three decades. {T}he advancement in radar technology with time has provided the opportunity to exploit the technique to retrieve the {WL} of inland water bodies. {I}n the current study, an attempt has been made to generate long term time series on {WL} of around 29 geometrically complicated inland water bodies in {I}ndia. {T}hese water bodies are mainly large reservoirs namely {B}an {S}agar, {B}alimela, {B}argi, {B}hakra, {G}andhi {S}agar, {H}asdeo, {I}ndravati, {J}alaput, {K}adana, {K}olab, {M}ahi {B}ajaj, {M}aithon, {M}assanjore, {P}ong, {R}amganga, {R}anapratap {S}agar, {R}ihand, {S}ardar {S}arovar, {S}hivaji {S}agar, {T}ilaiya, {U}jjani, and {U}kai. {T}he {WL} of these water bodies was retrieved for around two decades using the {E}uropean {R}emote-{S}ensing {S}atellite - 2 ({ERS}-2), {ENVISAT} {R}adar {A}ltimeter - 2 ({ENVISAT} {RA}-2), and {S}aral-{A}lti{K}a altimeters data through {I}ce-1 retracking algorithm. {F}urther, an attempt has also been made to estimate the {WL} of gauged/ungauged lakes namely {M}ansarovar, {P}angong, {C}hilika, {B}hopal, and {R}ann of {K}utch over which {S}aral-{A}lti{K}a pass was there. {A}s after {J}uly 2016, the {SARAL}-{A}lti{K}a is operating in the drifting orbit, systematic repeated observation of {WL} data of all reservoirs was not possible. {T}he data of drifted tracks of {S}aral-{A}lti{K}a were tested for {WL} estimation of {B}an {S}agar reservoir. {A}s the {ERS}-2, {ENVISAT} {RA}-2 and {S}aral-{A}lti{K}a all were having almost the same passing tracks, a long term {WL} series of these lakes could be generated from 1997 to 2016. {H}owever, at present only {S}entinel - 3 is in orbit, the continuous altimeter based {WL} monitoring of some of these reservoirs ({G}andhi {S}agar, {N}athsagar, {R}anapratap, {U}jjani, and {U}kai) was attempted through {S}entinel-3{A} satellite data from 2016 to 2018. {T}he accuracy of the retrieved {WL} was than validated against the observed {WL}. {I}n most of the reservoirs, a systematic bias was found due to the different characteristics and geoid height of each reservoir. {T}he coefficient of determination, {R}-2, value for a majority of reser-voirs was as good as 0.9. {I}n the case of {ERS}-2, the values of {R}-2 varied for 0.44-0.97 with root mean square error ({RMSE}) in the range of 0.63-2.72 m. {T}hese statistics improved with the {ENVISAT} {RA}-2 data analysis, the {R}-2 value reached more than 0.90 for around 11 reservoirs. {T}he highest, 0.99, for {H}asdeo and {S}hivaji {S}agar {R}eservoirs with {RMSE} of 0.44 and 0.56, respectively. {F}urther, the accuracy improved with the analysis of {S}aral-{A}lti{K}a data. {T}he {R}-2 was always more than 0.9 for each reservoir and the lowest {RMSE} reduced to 0.03. {T}herefore, it can be said that the accuracy and consistency of {WL} retrieval through satellite altimetry has improved with time. {F}urthermore, the altimeter based retrieved {WL} may be used in hydrological studies and can contribute to better water resources management.},
  keywords = {{S}atellite altimetry ; {I}nland water bodies ; {R}eservoirs ; {L}akes ; {W}ater level ; {U}ngauged sites ; {INDE}},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{A}dvances in {S}pace {R}esearch},
  volume = {68},
  numero = {2},
  pages = {619--640},
  ISSN = {0273-1177},
  year = {2021},
  DOI = {10.1016/j.asr.2020.06.015},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010082233},
}