@article{fdi:010081523,
  title = {{A}ntimicrobial use through consumption of medicated feeds in chicken flocks in the {M}ekong {D}elta of {V}ietnam : a three-year study before a ban on antimicrobial growth promoters},
  author = {{C}uong, {N}. {V}. and {K}iet, {B}. {T}. and {H}ien, {V}. {B}. and {T}ruong, {B}. {D}. and {P}hu, {D}. {H}. and {T}hwaites, {G}. and {C}hoisy, {M}arc and {C}arrique-{M}as, {J}.},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{A}ntimicrobials are included in commercial animal feed rations in many low- and middle-income countries ({LMIC}s). {W}e measured antimicrobial use ({AMU}) in commercial feed products consumed by 338 small-scale chicken flocks in the {M}ekong {D}elta of {V}ietnam, before a gradual nationwide ban on prophylactic use of antimicrobials (including in commercial feeds) to be introduced in the country over the coming five years. {W}e inspected the labels of commercial feeds and calculated amounts of antimicrobial active ingredients ({AAI}s) given to flocks. {W}e framed these results in the context of overall {AMU} in chicken production, and highlighted those products that did not comply with {G}overnment regulations. {T}hirty-five of 99 (35.3%) different antimicrobial-containing feed products included at least one {AAI}. {E}ight different {AAI}s (avilamycin, bacitracin, chlortetracycline, colistin, enramycin, flavomycin, oxytetracycline, virginamycin) belonging to five classes were identified. {B}rooding feeds contained antimicrobials the most (60.0%), followed by grower (40.9%) and finisher feeds (20.0%). {Q}uantitatively, chlortetracycline was consumed most (42.2 mg/kg {SEM} +/- 0.34; 50.0% of total use), followed by enramycin (18.4 mg/kg {SEM} +/- 0.03, 21.8%), bacitracin (16.4 mg/kg {SEM} +/- 0.20, 19.4%) and colistin (6.40 mg/kg {SEM} +/- 4.21;7.6%). {O}ther antimicrobials consumed were virgianamycin, avilamycin, flavomycin and oxytetracycline (each <= 0.50 mg/kg). {A}ntimicrobials in commercial feeds were more commonly given to flocks in the earlier part of the production cycle. {A} total of 10 (9.3%) products were not compliant with existing {V}ietnamese regulation (06/2016/{TT}-{BNNPTNT}) either because they included a non-authorised {AAI} (4), had {AAI}s over the permitted limits (4), or both (2). {A} number of commercial feed formulations examined included colistin (polymyxin {E}), a critically important antimicrobial of highest priority for human medicine. {T}hese results illustrate the challenges for effective implementation and enforcement of restrictions of antimicrobials in commercial feeds in {LMIC}s. {R}esults from this study should help encourage discussion about policies on medicated feeds in {LMIC}s.},
  keywords = {{VIET} {NAM} ; {MEKONG} {DELTA}},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{PL}o{S} {O}ne},
  volume = {16},
  numero = {4},
  pages = {e0250082 [11 p.]},
  ISSN = {1932-6203},
  year = {2021},
  DOI = {10.1371/journal.pone.0250082},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010081523},
}