@article{fdi:010080982,
  title = {{M}ultiplex detection of antibodies to {C}hikungunya, {O}'nyong-nyong, {Z}ika, {D}engue, {W}est {N}ile and {U}sutu viruses in diverse non-human primate species from {C}ameroon and the {D}emocratic {R}epublic of {C}ongo},
  author = {{R}aulino, {R}. and {T}haurignac, {G}. and {B}utel, {C}hristelle and {V}illabona-{A}renas, {C}. {J}. and {F}oe, {T}. and {L}oul, {S}. and {N}dimbo-{K}umugo, {S}. {P}. and {M}bala-{K}ingebeni, {P}. and {M}akiala-{M}andanda, {S}. and {A}huka-{M}undeke, {S}. and {K}erkhof, {K}. and {D}elaporte, {E}. and {A}rien, {K}. {K}. and {F}oulongne, {V}. and {N}gole, {E}. {M}. and {P}eeters, {M}artine and {A}youba, {A}hidjo},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{B}ackground {E}pidemic arbovirus transmission occurs among humans by mosquito bites and the sylvatic transmission cycles involving non-human primates ({NHP}s) still exists. {H}owever, limited data are available on the extent in {NHP}s infections and their role. {I}n this study, we have developed and validated a high-throughput serological screening tool to study the circulation of multiple arboviruses that represent a significant threat to human health, in {NHP}s in {C}entral {A}frica. {M}ethodology/{P}rincipal findings {R}ecombinant proteins {NS}1, envelope domain-3 ({DIII}) for the dengue ({DENV}), yellow fever ({YFV}), usutu ({USUV}), west nile ({WNV}) and zika ({ZIKV}) and envelope 2 for the chikungunya ({CHIKV}) and o'nyong-nyong ({ONNV}) were coupled to {L}uminex beads to detect {I}g{G} directed against these viruses. {E}valuation of test performance was made using 161 human sera of known arboviral status (66 negative and 95 positive). {T}he sensitivity and specificity of each antigen were determined by statistical methods and {ROC} curves (except for {ONNV} and {USUV}). {A}ll {NS}1 antigens (except {NS}1-{YFV}), {CHIKV}-{E}2 and {WNV}-{DIII} had sensitivities and specificities > 95%. {F}or the other {DIII} antigens, the sensitivity was low, limiting the interest of their use for seroprevalence studies. {F}ew simultaneous reactions were observed between the {CHIKV}+ samples and the {NS}1 antigens to the non-{CHIKV} arboviruses. {O}n the other hand, the {DENV}+ samples crossed-reacted with {NS}1 of all the {DENV} serotypes (1 to 4), as well as with {ZIKV}, {USUV} and to a lesser extent with {YFV}. {A} total of 3,518 samples of 29 species of {NHP}s from {C}ameroon and the {D}emocratic {R}epublic of {C}ongo ({DRC}) were tested against {NS}1 (except {YFV}), {E}2 ({CHIKV}/{ONNV}) and {DIII} ({WNV}) antigens. {I}n monkeys (n = 2,100), the global prevalence varied between 2 and 5% for the ten antigens tested. {W}hen we stratified by monkey's biotope, the arboreal species showed the highest reactivity. {I}n monkeys from {C}ameroon, the highest {I}g{G} prevalence were observed against {ONNV}-{E}2 and {DENV}2-{NS}1 with 3.95% and 3.40% respectively and in {DRC}, {ONNV}-{E}2 (6.63%) and {WNV}-{NS}1 (4.42%). {O}verall prevalence was low in apes (n = 1,418): ranging from 0% for {USUV}-{NS}1 to 2.6% for {CHIKV}-{E}2. {H}owever, a very large disparity was observed among collection site and ape species, e.g. 18% (9/40) and 8.2% (4/49) of gorillas were reactive with {CHIKV}-{E}2 or {WNV}-{NS}1, respectively in two different sites in {C}ameroon. {C}onclusions/{S}ignificance {W}e have developed a serological assay based on {L}uminex technology, with high specificity and sensitivity for simultaneous detection of antibodies to 10 antigens from 6 different arboviruses. {T}his is the first study that evaluated on a large scale the presence of antibodies to arboviruses in {NHP}s to evaluate their role in sylvatic cycles. {T}he overall low prevalence (<5%) in more than 3,500 {NHP}s samples from {C}ameroon and the {DRC} does not allow us to affirm that {NHP} are reservoirs, but rather, intermediate hosts of these viruses. {A}uthor summary {I}n the last decades, chikungunya, zika, yellow fever, usutu and dengue viruses have (re)-emerged in different parts of the world and many of these outbreaks occur in resource-limited countries with limited or under-equipped health facilities and where endemic malaria with very similar clinical symptoms confounds surveillance. {M}ost arboviruses that circulate today likely originated in {A}frica where sporadic human outbreaks occur. {I}n this work, we developed a serological tool that allows simultaneous detection of {I}g{G} antibodies to multiple arbovirus in a biological sample. {W}ith this highly sensitive and specific multiplex assay, we screened more than 3,500 samples collected from 29 species of monkeys and apes in {A}frica. {W}e found a global {I}g{G} antibody prevalence of less than 5%. {H}owever, this seroprevalence varied by collection site, {NPH}s species and virus type. {G}iven these findings, we concluded that {A}frican non-human primates are most likely not the reservoirs, but rather are intermediate hosts.},
  keywords = {{CAMEROUN} ; {REPUBLIQUE} {DEMOCRATIQUE} {DU} {CONGO}},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{PL}o{S} {N}eglected {T}ropical {D}iseases},
  volume = {15},
  numero = {1},
  pages = {e0009028 [20 ]},
  ISSN = {1935-2735},
  year = {2021},
  DOI = {10.1371/journal.pntd.0009028},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010080982},
}