@article{fdi:010080769,
  title = {{I}nvestigating the production of sexual resting structures in a plant pathogen reveals unexpected self-fertility and genotype-by-environment effects},
  author = {{T}ollenaere, {C}harlotte and {L}aine, {A}.{L}.},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{T}he sexual stage of pathogens governs recombination patterns and often also provides means of surviving the off-season. {D}espite its importance for evolutionary potential and between-season epidemiology, sexual systems have not been carefully investigated for many important pathogens, and what generates variation in successful sexual reproduction of pathogens remains unexplored. {W}e surveyed the sexually produced resting structures (chasmothecia) across 86 natural populations of fungal pathogen {P}odosphaera plantaginis ({A}scomycota) naturally infecting {P}lantago lanceolata in the angstrom land archipelago, southwestern {F}inland. {F}or this pathosystem, these resting structures are a key life-history stage, as more than half of the local pathogen populations go extinct every winter. {W}e uncovered substantial variation in the level of chasmothecia produced among populations, ranging from complete absence to presence on all infected leaves. {W}e found that chasmothecia developed within clonal isolates (single-strain cultures). {A}dditionally, these clonal isolates all contained both {MAT}1-1-1 and {MAT}1-2-1 genes that characterize mating types in {A}scomycetes. {H}ence, contrary to expectations, we conclude that this species is capable of haploid selfing. {I}n controlled inoculations, we discovered that pathogen genotypes varied in their tendency to produce chasmothecia. {P}roduction of chasmothecia was also affected by ambient temperature ({E}) and by the interaction between temperature and pathogen genotype ({G}x{E}). {T}hese {G}, {E} and {G}x{E} effects found both at a {E}uropean scale and within the angstrom land archipelago may partly explain the high variability observed among populations in chasmothecia levels. {C}onsequently, they may be key drivers of the evolutionary potential and epidemiology of this highly dynamic pathosystem},
  keywords = {{FINLANDE} ; {ESTONIE} ; {HONGRIE} ; {ALAND}},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{J}ournal of {E}volutionary {B}iology},
  volume = {26},
  numero = {8},
  pages = {1716--1726},
  ISSN = {1010-061{X}},
  year = {2013},
  DOI = {10.1111/jeb.12169},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010080769},
}