@article{fdi:010080561,
  title = {{U}nhealthy eating practices of city-dwelling {A}fricans in deprived neighbourhoods : evidence for policy action from {G}hana and {K}enya},
  author = {{H}oldsworth, {M}ichelle and {P}radeilles, {R}. and {T}andoh, {A}. and {G}reen, {M}. and {W}anjohi, {M}. and {Z}otor, {F}. and {A}siki, {G}. and {K}lomegah, {S}. and {A}bdul-{H}aq, {Z}. and {O}sei-{K}wasi, {H}. and {A}kparibo, {R}. and {B}ricas, {N}. and {A}uma, {C}. and {G}riffiths, {P}. and {L}aar, {A}.},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{G}rowing urbanisation in {A}frica is accompanied by rapid changes in food environments, with potential shifts towards unhealthy food/beverage consumption, including in socio-economically disadvantaged populations. {T}his study investigated how unhealthy food and beverages are embedded in everyday life in deprived areas of two {A}frican countries, to identify levers for context relevant policy. {D}eprived neighbourhoods ({G}hana: 2 cities, {K}enya: 1 city) were investigated (total = 459 female/male, adolescents/adults aged >= 13 y). {A} qualitative 24hr dietary recall was used to assess the healthiness of food/beverages in relation to eating practices: time of day and frequency of eating episodes (periodicity), length of eating episodes (tempo), and who people eat with and where (synchronisation). {F}ive measures of the healthiness of food/beverages in relation to promoting a nutrient-rich diet were developed: i. nutrients (energy-dense and nutrient-poor-{EDNP}/energy-dense and nutrient-rich-{EDNR}); and ii. unhealthy food types (fried foods, sweet foods, sugar sweetened beverages ({SSB}s). {A} structured meal pattern of three main meals a day with limited snacking was evident. {T}here was widespread consumption of unhealthy food/beverages. {SSB}s were consumed at three-quarters of eating episodes in {K}enya (78.5%) and over a third in {G}hana (36.2%), with those in {K}enya coming primarily from sweet tea/coffee. {C}onsumption of sweet foods peaked at breakfast in both countries. {W}hen snacking occurred (more common in {K}enya), it was in the afternoon and tended to be accompanied by a {SSB}. {I}n both countries, fried food was an integral part of all mealtimes, particularly common with the evening meal in {K}enya. {T}his includes consumption of nutrient-rich traditional foods/dishes (associated with cultural heritage) that were also energy-dense: ( 30 min (87.1% {G}hana; 72.4% {K}enya). {F}amilies and the home environment were important: 77% of eating episodes were consumed at home and >46% with family, which tended to be energy dense. {E}ating alone was also common as >42% of eating episodes were taken alone. {I}n these deprived settings, policy action to encourage nutrient-rich diets has the potential to prevent multiple forms of malnutrition, but action is required across several sectors: enhancing financial and physical access to healthier foods that are convenient (can be eaten quickly/alone) through, for example, subsidies and incentives/training for local food vendors. {A}ctions to limit access to unhealthy foods through, for example, fiscal and advertising policies to disincentivise unhealthy food consumption and {SSB}s, especially in {G}hana. {I}ntroducing or adapting food-based dietary guidelines to incorporate advice on reducing sugar and fat at mealtimes could be accompanied by cooking skills interventions focussing on reducing frying/oil used when preparing meals, including 'traditional' dishes and reducing the sugar content of breakfast.},
  keywords = {{E}ating practices ; {U}nhealthy foods ; {F}ood environment ; {A}frica ; {G}hana ; {K}enya ; {C}ities ; {GHANA} ; {KENYA}},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{G}lobal {F}ood {S}ecurity - {A}griculture {P}olicy {E}conomics and {E}nvironment},
  volume = {26},
  numero = {},
  pages = {100452 [13 ]},
  ISSN = {2211-9124},
  year = {2020},
  DOI = {10.1016/j.gfs.2020.100452},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010080561},
}