@article{fdi:010080398,
  title = {{K}etamine for pain control of snake envenomation in {G}uinea : a case series},
  author = {{B}randehoff, {N}. and {B}enjamin, {J}. {M}. and {B}alde, {C}. and {C}hippaux, {J}ean-{P}hilippe},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{S}nakebite envenomation is a global health crisis and is classified as a {C}ategory {A} neglected tropical disease by the {W}orld {H}ealth {O}rganization ({WHO}). {S}nakebite envenomations account for a significant amount of morbidity and morbidity in tropical and subtropical regions. {R}ecently, publications have illustrated the potential for snake envenomations causing post-traumatic stress disorder ({PTSD}) in a significant number of patients. {K}etamine is on the {WHO}'s list of essential medications and is used for a variety of pharmacologic applications including anesthesia and acute pain management. {T}o date it has not been assessed for pain control in snakebite envenomations. {T}welve patients who presented with severe pain secondary to {B}itis, {C}ausus, and {A}tractaspis envenomations were treated with low-dose intravenous ketamine. {T}he patients included 7 males and 5 females with a median age of 37.5 (range 14-64) and a median presentation time of 5.75 h (range 5 min-96 h) after the initial bite occurred. {T}en envenomations were presumed to have been caused by {B}itis species resulting in extensive swelling and blistering of the affected extremities. {O}ne envenomation was presumed{C}. maculatus causing local swelling and pain. {O}ne envenomation was a presumed {A}tractaspis species causing significant local pain with minimal swelling. {A}ll patients expressed having significant pain but could not express the degree of their pain using an analogue pain scale. {A}n initial median dose of 5 mg of ketamine (range 2.5-15 mg) was administered intravenously for pain control. {E}very patient expressed decreased pain and felt more comfortable within 1 min after administration of ketamine. {N}ine of the twelve patients only required a single dose. {T}here were no adverse side effects. {K}etamine appears to be an effective means of pain control for those suffering from painful envenomations. {W}ith minimal risk of significant side effects at acute pain management doses and the average cost per effective dose averaging between {US}$0.03-0.06, this may provide a cheap, safe, and effective solution for {S}ubsaharan {A}frica and other resource-limited settings. {C}ontrolled studies need to be done to critically assess our observations.},
  keywords = {{K}etamine ; {S}nakebite ; {E}nvenomation ; {A}frica ; {AFRIQUE} {SUBSAHARIENNE} ; {AFRQIUE} {DE} {L}'{OUEST} ; {GUINEE}},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{T}oxicon},
  volume = {187},
  numero = {},
  pages = {82--85},
  ISSN = {0041-0101},
  year = {2020},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010080398},
}