@incollection{fdi:010080177,
  title = {{E}gypt},
  author = {{M}olle, {F}ran{\c{c}}ois},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{I}n no other country, perhaps, is the identification between water, irrigation, and agriculture as strong as in {E}gypt. {S}everal phases of agrarian and technical change throughout its long history have taken {E}gypt to a situation where farmers grow between one to three crops a year on 3.78 million ha after lifting water from canals and drains, and sometimes from aquifers. {T}his chapter first reviews the extraordinary cost of maintaining the delta 'irrigation machine', the history of irrigated agriculture expansion, and the evolution of public policies. {I}t then examines key issues and challenges, including irrigation modernization, the search for water savings, the multiple experiences with participatory management at various scales, inter-sectoral integration, the water-food-energy nexus, the recent masterplan, and finally transboundary threats.},
  keywords = {{IRRIGATION} ; {AMENAGEMENT} {HYDROAGRICOLE} ; {COUT} ; {MODERNISATION} ; {TECHNOLOGIE} ; {BILAN} {HYDRIQUE} ; {CULTURE} {IRRIGUEE} ; {EXPANSION} ; {HISTOIRE} ; {PENURIE} ; {RESSOURCES} {EN} {EAU} ; {BESOIN} {EN} {EAU} ; {DELTA} ; {VALLEE} ; {REUTILISATION} {DE} {L}'{EAU} ; {GESTION} {DE} {L}'{EAU} ; {POLITIQUE} {DE} {L}'{EAU} ; {GOUVERNANCE} ; {EGYPTE} ; {NIL} {DELTA} ; {TOSHKA} {VALLEE}},
  booktitle = {{I}rrigation in the {M}editerranean : technologies, institutions and policies},
  numero = {22},
  pages = {243--277},
  address = {{C}ham},
  publisher = {{S}pringer},
  series = {{G}lobal {I}ssues in {W}ater {P}olicy},
  year = {2019},
  ISBN = {978-3-03-003696-6},
  ISSN = {2211-0631},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010080177},
}