@article{fdi:010079469,
  title = {{E}vapotranspiration partition using the multiple energy balance version of the {ISBA}-{A}-g(s) land surface model over two irrigated crops in a semi-arid {M}editerranean region ({M}arrakech, {M}orocco)},
  author = {{A}ouade, {G}. and {J}arlan, {L}ionel and {E}zzahar, {J}. and {E}r-{R}aki, {S}. and {N}apoly, {A}. and {B}enkaddour, {A}. and {K}habba, {S}. and {B}oulet, {G}illes and {G}arrigues, {S}. and {C}hehbouni, {A}bdelghani and {B}oone, {A}.},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{T}he main objective of this work is to question the representation of the energy budget in soil-vegetation-atmosphere transfer ({SVAT}) models for the prediction of the turbulent fluxes in the case of irrigated crops with a complex structure (row) and under strong transient hydric regimes due to irrigation. {T}o this end, the {I}nteraction between {S}oil, {B}iosphere, and {A}tmosphere ({ISBA}-{A}-g(s)) is evaluated at a complex open olive orchard and, for the purposes of comparison, on a winter wheat field taken as an example of a homogeneous canopy. {T}he initial version of {ISBA}-{A}-g(s) based on a composite energy budget (hereafter {ISBA}-1{P} for one patch), is compared to the new multiple energy balance ({MEB}) version of {ISBA} that represents a double source arising from the vegetation located above the soil layer. {I}n addition, a patch representation corresponding to two adjacent, uncoupled source schemes (hereafter {ISBA}-2{P} for two patches) is also considered for the olive orchard. {C}ontinuous observations of evapotranspiration ({ET}), with an eddy covariance system and plant transpiration ({T}-r) with sap flow and isotopic methods were used to evaluate the three representations. {A} preliminary sensitivity analyses showed a strong sensitivity to the parameters related to turbulence in the canopy introduced in the new {ISBA}-{MEB} version. {F}or wheat, the ability of the single- and dual-source configuration to reproduce the composite soil-vegetation heat fluxes was very similar; the root mean square error ({RMSE}) differences between {ISBA}-1{P}, {ISBA}-2{P} and {ISBA}-{MEB} did not exceed 10 {W} {M}-2 for the latent heat flux. {T}hese results showed that a composite energy balance in homogeneous covers is sufficient to reproduce the total convective fluxes. {T}he two configurations are also fairly close to the isotopic observations of transpiration in spite of a light underestimation (overestimation) of {ISBA}- 1{P} ({ISBA}-{MEB}). {A}t the olive orchard, contrasting results are obtained. {T}he dual-source configurations, including both the uncoupled ({ISBA}-2{P}) and the coupled ({ISBA}-{MEB}) representations, outperformed the single-source version ({ISBA}-1{P}), with slightly better results for {ISBA}-{MEB} in predicting both total heat fluxes and evapotranspiration partition. {C}oncerning plant transpiration in particular, the coupled approach {ISBA}-{MEB} provides better results than {ISBA}-1{P} and, to a lesser extent, {ISBA}-2{P} with {RMSE}s of 1.60, 0.90, and 0.70 mm d(-1) and {R}-2 of 0.43, 0.69, and 0.70 for {ISBA}-1{P}, {ISBA}-2{P} and {ISBA}-{MEB}, respectively. {I}n addition, it is shown that the acceptable predictions of composite convective fluxes by {ISBA}-2{P} for the olive orchard are obtained for the wrong reasons as neither of the two patches is in agreement with the observations because of a bad spatial distribution of the roots and a lack of incoming radiation screening for the bare soil patch. {T}his work shows that composite convection fluxes predicted by the {SURF}ace {EX}ternalisee ({SURFEX}) platform and the partition of evapotranspiration in a highly transient regime due to irrigation is improved for moderately open tree canopies by the new coupled dualsource {ISBA}-{MEB} model. {I}t also points out the need for further local-scale evaluations on different crops of various geometry (more open rainfed agriculture or a denser, intensive olive orchard) to provide adequate parameterisation to global database, such as {ECOCLIMAP}-{II}, in the view of a global application of the {ISBA}-{MEB} model.},
  keywords = {{MAROC} ; {MARRAKECH} ; {ZONE} {SEMIARIDE}},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{H}ydrology and {E}arth {S}ystem {S}ciences},
  volume = {24},
  numero = {7},
  pages = {3789--3814},
  ISSN = {1027-5606},
  year = {2020},
  DOI = {10.5194/hess-24-3789-2020},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010079469},
}