@article{fdi:010079006,
  title = {{C}haracterization of viral, bacterial, and parasitic causes of disease in small-scale chicken flocks in the {M}ekong {D}elta of {V}ietnam},
  author = {{V}an, {N}. {T}. {B}. and {Y}en, {N}. {T}. {P}. and {N}hung, {N}. {T}. and {C}uong, {N}. {V}. and {K}iet, {B}. {T}. and {H}oang, {N}. {V}. and {H}ien, {V}. {B}. and {C}hansiripornchai, {N}. and {C}hoisy, {M}arc and {R}ibas, {A}. and {C}ampbell, {J}. and {T}hwaites, {G}. and {C}arrique-{M}as, {J}.},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{I}n the {M}ekong {D}elta region of {V}ietnam, small-scale chicken farming is common. {H}owever, high levels of disease or mortality in such flocks impair economic development and challenge the livelihoods of many rural households. {W}e investigated 61 diseased small-scale flocks (122 chickens) for evidence of infection with 5 bacteria, 4 viruses, and helminths. {S}erological profiles ({ELISA}) were also determined against 6 of these pathogens. {T}he aims of this study were the following: (1) to investigate the prevalence of different pathogens and to compare the probability of detection of bacterial pathogens using {PCR} and culture; (2) to investigate the relationship between detection of organisms in birds' tissues and the observed morbidity and mortality, as well as their antibody profile; and (3) to characterize risk factors for infection with specific viral or bacterial pathogens. {W}e used {PCR} to test for viral (viruses causing infectious bronchitis [{IB}], highly pathogenic avian influenza [{HPAI}], {N}ewcastle disease, and infectious bursal disease [{IBD}]) and bacterial pathogens ({M}ycoplasma gallisepticum, {P}asteurella multocida, {A}vibacterium paragallinarum, and {O}rnithobacterium rhinotracheale [{ORT}]). {T}he latter two were also investigated in respiratory tissues by conventional culture. {C}olisepticemic {E}scherichia coli was investigated by liver or spleen culture. {I}n 49 of 61 (80.3%) flocks, at least one bacterial or viral pathogen was detected, and in 29 (47.5%) flocks, more than one pathogen was detected. {A}. paragallinarum was detected in 62.3% flocks, followed by {M}. gallisepticum (26.2%), viruses causing {IBD} (24.6%) and {IB} (21.3%), septicemic {E}. coli (14.8%), {ORT} (13.1%), and {HPAI} viruses (4.9%). {O}f all flocks, 67.2% flocks were colonized by helminths. {M}ortality was highest among flocks infected with {HPAI} (100%, interquartile range [{IQR}]: 81.6-100%) and lowest with flocks infected with {ORT} (5.3%, {IQR}: 1.1-9.0%). {T}he results indicated slight agreement (kappa <= 0.167) between detection by {PCR} and culture for both {A}. paragallinarum and {ORT}, as well as between the presence of cestodes and {ORT} infection (kappa = 0.317). {C}ontrol of {A}. paragallinarum, viruses causing {HPAI}, {IBD}, and {IB}, {M}. gallisepticum, and gastrointestinal helminths should be a priority in small-scale flocks.},
  keywords = {bacterial pathogen ; viral pathogen ; helminth ; chicken ; {V}ietnam ; {VIET} {NAM} ; {MEKONG} {DELTA}},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{P}oultry {S}cience},
  volume = {99},
  numero = {2},
  pages = {783--790},
  year = {2020},
  DOI = {10.1016/j.psj.2019.10.033},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010079006},
}