@article{fdi:010078970,
  title = {{N}oninvasive biological samples to detect and diagnose infections due to {T}rypanosomatidae parasites : a systematic review and meta-analysis},
  author = {{S}ereno, {D}enis and {A}khoundi, {M}. and {S}ayehmri, {K}. and {M}irzaei, {A}. and {H}olzmuller, {P}. and {L}ejon, {V}eerle and {W}aleckx, {E}tienne},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{U}nicellular eukaryotes of the {T}rypanosomatidae family include human and animal pathogens that belong to the {T}rypanosoma and {L}eishmania genera. {D}iagnosis of the diseases they cause requires the sampling of body fluids (e.g., blood, lymph, peritoneal fluid, cerebrospinal fluid) or organ biopsies (e.g., bone marrow, spleen), which are mostly obtained through invasive methods. {B}ody fluids or appendages can be alternatives to these invasive biopsies but appropriateness remains poorly studied. {T}o further address this question, we perform a systematic review on clues evidencing the presence of parasites, genetic material, antibodies, and antigens in body secretions, appendages, or the organs or proximal tissues that produce these materials. {P}aper selection was based on searches in {P}ub{M}ed, {W}eb of {S}cience, {W}orld{W}ide{S}cience, {S}ci{ELO}, {E}mbase, and {G}oogle. {T}he information of each selected article (n = 333) was classified into different sections and data were extracted from 77 papers. {T}he presence of {T}rypanosomatidae parasites has been tracked in most of organs or proximal tissues that produce body secretions or appendages, in naturally or experimentally infected hosts. {T}he meta-analysis highlights the paucity of studies on human {A}frican trypanosomiasis and an absence on animal trypanosomiasis. {A}mong the collected data high heterogeneity in terms of the {I}-2 statistic (100%) is recorded. {A} high positivity is recorded for antibody and genetic material detection in urine of patients and dogs suffering leishmaniasis, and of antigens for leishmaniasis and {C}hagas disease. {D}ata on conjunctival swabs can be analyzed with molecular methods solely for dogs suffering canine visceral leishmaniasis. {S}aliva and hair/bristles showed a pretty good positivity that support their potential to be used for leishmaniasis diagnosis. {I}n conclusion, our study pinpoints significant gaps that need to be filled in order to properly address the interest of body secretion and hair or bristles for the diagnosis of infections caused by {L}eishmania and by other {T}rypanosomatidae parasites.},
  keywords = {leishmaniases ; chagas disease ; human {A}frican trypanosomiasis ; animal ; trypanosomiasis ; diagnosis ; non-invasive ; meta-analysis ; vector-borne diseases ; neglected tropical disease},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{I}nternational {J}ournal of {M}olecular {S}ciences},
  volume = {21},
  numero = {5},
  pages = {art. 1684 [49 ]},
  year = {2020},
  DOI = {10.3390/ijms21051684},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010078970},
}