@article{fdi:010077964,
  title = {{B}arriers to eastern oyster aquaculture expansion in {V}irginia},
  author = {{B}eckensteiner, {J}. and {K}aplan, {D}avid and {S}cheld, {A}. {M}.},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{T}he eastern oyster once provided major societal and ecosystem benefits, but these benefits have been threatened in recent decades by large declines in oyster harvests. {I}n many areas, recovery of oyster aquaculture faces significant societal opposition and spatial constraints limiting its ability to meet expectations regarding future food needs and provision of ecosystem services. {I}n {V}irginia, oyster aquaculture has begun to expand, concurrent with an increase in subaqueous leased areas (over 130,000 acres of grounds are currently leased). {T}hough private leases must in theory be used for oyster production, in practice, they can be held for other reasons, such as speculation or intentional exclusion of others. {T}hese factors have led to large variation over time and space in the use of leases in lower {C}hesapeake {B}ay; and privately leased grounds are now thought to be underutilized for oyster production. {T}his research examined potential barriers to expansion of oyster aquaculture in {V}irginia. {W}e first evaluated if a lack of space was limiting industry expansion and quantified temporal and spatial trends in the use and productivity of leases. {T}hen, differences in used and non-used leases were investigated in relation to variables thought to be related to "not in my backyard" attitudes, congestion, speculation, local economic and environmental conditions. {F}inally, the performance of the {V}irginia leasing system was compared with those in other states along the {U}.{S}. {E}ast and {G}ulf {C}oasts. {W}e found limited evidence for spatial constraints on aquaculture leasing, but strong evidence for social and regulatory inefficiencies. {A}lthough rates of lease use increased from 2006 to 2016, only 33% of leases were ever used for oyster production and about 63% of leaseholders reported no commercial harvests. {N}on-used leases tended to be smaller, and were found in more populated, high-income regions, consistent with both speculative and exclusionary uses. {V}irginia had the second lowest level of total production of cultured oysters per leased acre among the states on the {E}ast and {G}ulf {C}oasts of the {U}nited {S}tates. {T}hese results indicate that there is room for oyster aquaculture expansion in {V}irginia if societal, regulatory, and economic barriers can be reduced or if existing leased areas are used more efficiently.},
  keywords = {{C}rassostrea virginica ; oyster aquaculture ; {C}hesapeake {B}ay ; spatial management ; user conflicts ; {ETATS} {UNIS} ; {VIRGINIE}},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{F}rontiers in {M}arine {S}cience},
  volume = {7},
  numero = {},
  pages = {53 [19 ]},
  year = {2020},
  DOI = {10.3389/fmars.2020.00053},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010077964},
}