@article{fdi:010077722,
  title = {{E}ffectiveness of seasonal influenza vaccination in children in {S}enegal during a year of vaccine mismatch : a cluster-randomized trial},
  author = {{D}iallo, {A}. and {D}iop, {O}. {M}. and {D}iop, {D}. and {N}iang, {M}. {N}. and {S}ugimoto, {J}. {D}. and {O}rtiz, {J}. {R}. and {F}aye, {E}. {A}. and {D}iarra, {B}. and {G}oudiaby, {D}. and {L}ewis, {K}. {D}. {C}. and {E}mery, {S}. {L}. and {Z}angeneh, {S}. {Z}. and {L}afond, {K}. {E}. and {S}okhna, {C}heikh and {H}alloran, {M}. {E}. and {W}iddowson, {M}. {A}. and {N}euzil, {K}. {M}. and {V}ictor, {J}. {C}.},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{B}ackground. {T}he population effects of influenza vaccination in children have not been extensively studied, especially in tropical, developing countries. {I}n rural {S}enegal, we assessed the total (primary objective) and indirect effectiveness of a trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine ({IIV}3). {M}ethods. {I}n this double-blind, cluster-randomized trial, villages were randomly allocated (1:1) for the high-coverage vaccination of children aged 6 months through 10 years with either the 2008-09 northern hemisphere {IIV}3 or an inactivated polio vaccine ({IPV}). {V}accinees were monitored for serious adverse events. {A}ll village residents, vaccinated and unvaccinated, were monitored for signs and symptoms of influenza illness using weekly home visits and surveillance in designated clinics. {T}he primary outcome was all laboratory-confirmed symptomatic influenza. {R}esults. {B}etween 23 {M}ay and 11 {J}uly 2009, 20 villages were randomized, and 66.5% of age-eligible children were enrolled (3918 in {IIV}3 villages and 3848 in {IPV} villages). {F}ollow-up continued until 28 {M}ay 2010. {T}here were 4 unrelated serious adverse events identified. {A}mong vaccinees, the total effectiveness against illness caused by the seasonal influenza virus (presumed to all be drifted {A}/{H}3{N}2, based on antigenic characterization data) circulating at high rates among children was 43.6% (95% confidence interval [{CI}] 18.6-60.9%). {T}he indirect effectiveness against seasonal {A}/{H}3{N}2 was 15.4% (95% {CI} -22.0 to 41.3%). {T}he total effectiveness against illness caused by the pandemic influenza virus ({A}/{H}1{N}1pdm09) was -52.1% (95% {CI} -177.2 to 16.6%). {C}onclusions. {IIV}3 provided statistically significant, moderate protection to children in {S}enegal against circulating, pre-2010 seasonal influenza strains, but not against {A}/{H}1{N}1pdm09, which was not included in the vaccine. {N}o indirect effects were measured. {F}urther study in low-resource populations is warranted.},
  keywords = {randomized controlled trial ; human influenza ; influenza vaccines ; developing countries ; herd immunity ; {SENEGAL}},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{C}linical {I}nfectious {D}iseases},
  volume = {69},
  numero = {10},
  pages = {1780--1788},
  ISSN = {1058-4838},
  year = {2019},
  DOI = {10.1093/cid/ciz066},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010077722},
}