@article{fdi:010077405,
  title = {{G}lobal carbon budget 2019 [{D}ata paper]},
  author = {{F}riedlingstein, {P}. and {J}ones, {M}. {W}. and {O}'{S}ullivan, {M}. and {A}ndrew, {R}. {M}. and {H}auck, {J}. and {P}eters, {G}. {P}. and {P}eters, {W}. and {P}ongratz, {J}. and {S}itch, {S}. and {L}e {Q}uere, {C}. and {B}akker, {D}. {C}. {E}. and {C}anadell, {J}. {G}. and {C}iais, {P}. and {J}ackson, {R}. {B}. and {A}nthoni, {P}. and {B}arbero, {L}. and {B}astos, {A}. and {B}astrikov, {V}. and {B}ecker, {M}. and {B}opp, {L}. and {B}uitenhuis, {E}. and {C}handra, {N}. and {C}hevallier, {F}. and {C}hini, {L}. {P}. and {C}urrie, {K}. {I}. and {F}eely, {R}. {A}. and {G}ehlen, {M}. and {G}ilfillan, {D}. and {G}kritzalis, {T}. and {G}oll, {D}. {S}. and {G}ruber, {N}. and {G}utekunst, {S}. and {H}arris, {I}. and {H}averd, {V}. and {H}oughton, {R}. {A}. and {H}urtt, {G}. and {I}lyina, {T}. and {J}ain, {A}. {K}. and {J}oetzjer, {E}. and {K}aplan, {J}. {O}. and {K}ato, {E}. and {G}oldewijk, {K}. {K}. and {K}orsbakken, {J}. {I}. and {L}andschutzer, {P}. and {L}auvset, {S}. {K}. and {L}ef{\`e}vre, {N}athalie and {L}enton, {A}. and {L}ienert, {S}. and {L}ombardozzi, {D}. and {M}arland, {G}. and {M}c{G}uire, {P}. {C}. and {M}elton, {J}. {R}. and {M}etzl, {N}. and {M}unro, {D}. {R}. and {N}abel, {J}ems and {N}akaoka, {S}. {I}. and {N}eill, {C}. and {O}mar, {A}. {M}. and {O}no, {T}. and {P}eregon, {A}. and {P}ierrot, {D}. and {P}oulter, {B}. and {R}ehder, {G}. and {R}esplandy, {L}. and {R}obertson, {E}. and {R}odenbeck, {C}. and {S}eferian, {R}. and {S}chwinger, {J}. and {S}mith, {N}. and {T}ans, {P}. {P}. and {T}ian, {H}. {Q}. and {T}ilbrook, {B}. and {T}ubiello, {F}. {N}. and van der {W}erf, {G}. {R}. and {W}iltshire, {A}. {J}. and {Z}aehle, {S}.},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{A}ccurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide ({CO}2) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere - the "global carbon budget" - is important to better understand the global carbon cycle, support the development of climate policies, and project future climate change. {H}ere we describe data sets and methodology to quantify the five major components of the global carbon budget and their uncertainties. {F}ossil {CO}2 emissions ({E}-{FF}) are based on energy statistics and cement production data, while emissions from land use change ({E}-{LUC}), mainly deforestation, are based on land use and land use change data and bookkeeping models. {A}tmospheric {CO}2 concentration is measured directly and its growth rate ({G}({ATM})) is computed from the annual changes in concentration. {T}he ocean {CO}2 sink ({S}-{OCEAN}) and terrestrial {CO}2 sink ({S}-{LAND}) are estimated with global process models constrained by observations. {T}he resulting carbon budget imbalance ({B}-{IM}), the difference between the estimated total emissions and the estimated changes in the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere, is a measure of imperfect data and understanding of the contemporary carbon cycle. {A}ll uncertainties are reported as +/- 1 sigma. {F}or the last decade available (2009-2018), {E}-{FF} was 9.5 +/- 0.5 {G}t{C} yr 1, {E}-{LUC} 1.5 +/- 0.7 {G}t{C} yr 1, {G}({ATM}) 4.9 +/- 0.02 {G}t{C} yr(-1) (2.3 +/- 0.01 ppm yr(-1)), {S}-{OCEAN} 2.5 +/- 0.6 {G}t{C} yr(-1), and {S}-{LAND} 3.2 +/- 0.6 {G}t{C} yr(-1), with a budget imbalance {B}-{IM} of 0.4 {G}t{C} yr(-1) indicating overestimated emissions and/or underestimated sinks. {F}or the year 2018 alone, the growth in {E}-{FF} was about 2.1% and fossil emissions increased to 10.0 +/- 0.5 {G}t{C} yr 1, reaching 10 {G}t{C} yr(-1) for the first time in history, {E}-{LUC} was 1.5 +/- 0.7 {G}t{C} yr(-1), for total anthropogenic {CO}2 emissions of 11.5 +/- 0.9 {G}t{C} yr(-1) (42.5 +/- 3.3 {G}t{CO}(2)). {A}lso for 2018, {G}({ATM}) was 5.1 +/- 0.2 {G}t{C} yr(-1) (2.4 +/- 0.1 ppm yr(-1)), {S}-{OCEAN} was 2.6 +/- 0.6 {G}t{C} yr(-1), and {S}-{LAND} was 3.5 +/- 0.7 {G}t{C} yr(-1), with a {B}-{IM} of 0.3 {G}t{C}. {T}he global atmospheric {CO}2 concentration reached 407.38 +/- 0.1 ppm averaged over 2018. {F}or 2019, preliminary data for the first 6-10 months indicate a reduced growth in {E}-{FF} of +0.6% (range of -0.2% to 1.5 %) based on national emissions projections for {C}hina, the {USA}, the {EU}, and {I}ndia and projections of gross domestic product corrected for recent changes in the carbon intensity of the economy for the rest of the world. {O}verall, the mean and trend in the five components of the global carbon budget are consistently estimated over the period 1959-2018, but discrepancies of up to 1 {G}t{C} yr(-1) persist for the representation of semi-decadal variability in {CO}2 fluxes. {A} detailed comparison among individual estimates and the introduction of a broad range of observations shows (1) no consensus in the mean and trend in land use change emissions over the last decade, (2) a persistent low agreement between the different methods on the magnitude of the land {CO}2 flux in the northern extra-tropics, and (3) an apparent underestimation of the {CO}2 variability by ocean models outside the tropics. {T}his living data update documents changes in the methods and data sets used in this new global carbon budget and the progress in understanding of the global carbon cycle compared with previous publications of this data set ({L}e {Q}uere et al., 2018a, b, 2016, 2015a, b, 2014, 2013).},
  keywords = {{MONDE}},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{E}arth {S}ystem {S}cience {D}ata},
  volume = {11},
  numero = {4},
  pages = {1783--1838},
  ISSN = {1866-3508},
  year = {2019},
  DOI = {10.5194/essd-11-1783-2019},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010077405},
}