@article{fdi:010077110,
  title = {{A} review of earth surface thermal radiation directionality observing and modeling : historical development, current status and perspectives},
  author = {{C}ao, {B}. and {L}iu, {Q}. {H}. and {D}u, {Y}. {M}. and {R}oujean, {J}. {L}. and {G}astellu-{E}tchegorry, {J}. {P}. and {T}rigo, {I}. {F}. and {Z}han, {W}. {F}. and {Y}u, {Y}. {Y}. and {C}heng, {J}. and {J}acob, {F}r{\'e}d{\'e}ric and {L}agouarde, {J}. {P}. and {B}ian, {Z}. {J}. and {L}i, {H}. and {H}u, {T}. and {X}iao, {Q}.},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{T}he {E}arth surface thermal infrared ({TIR}) radiation shows conspicuously an anisotropic behavior just like the bidirectional reflectance of visible and near infrared spectral domains. {T}he importance of thermal radiation directionality ({TRD}) is being more and more widely recognized in the applications because of the magnitude of the effects generated. {T}he effects of {TRD} were originally evidenced through experiments in 1962, showing that two sensors simultaneously measuring temperature of the same scene may get significantly different values when the viewing geometry is different. {S}uch effect limits inter-comparison of measurement datasets and land surface temperature ({LST}) products acquired at different view angles, while raising the question of measurement reliability when used to characterize land surface processes. {T}hese early experiments fostered the development of modeling approaches to quantify {TRD} with the aim of developing a correction for {E}arth surface {TIR} radiation. {I}nitiatives for pushing the analysis of {TIR} data through modeling have been lasted since 1970s. {T}hey were initially aimed at mimicking the observed {TIR} radiance with consideration of canopy structure, component emissivities and temperatures, and {E}arth surface energy exchange processes. {P}resently, observing the {E}arth surface {TRD} effect is still a challenging task because the {TIR} status changes rapidly. {F}irstly, a brief theoretical background and the basic radiative transfer equation are presented. {T}hen, this paper reviews the historical development and current status of observing {TRD} in the laboratory, in-situ, from airborne and space-borne platforms. {A}ccordingly, the {TRD} model development, including radiative transfer models, geometric models, hybrid models, 3{D} models, and parametric models are reviewed for surfaces of water, ice and sea, snow, barren lands, vegetation and urban landscapes, respectively. {N}ext, we introduce three potential applications, including normalizing the {LST} products, estimating the hemispheric upward longwave radiation using multi-angular {TIR} observations and separating surface component temperatures. {F}inally, we give hints and directions for future research work. {T}he last section summarizes the study and stresses three main conclusions.},
  keywords = {{D}irectional brightness temperature ; {D}irectional radiometric temperature ; {D}irectional canopy emissivity ; {D}irectional thermal emission ; {T}hermal radiation directionality ; {T}hermal emission directionality ; {D}irectional anisotropy ; {A}ngular anisotropy ; {T}hermal anisotropy ; {L}and surface ; temperature anisotropy},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{R}emote {S}ensing of {E}nvironment},
  volume = {232},
  numero = {},
  pages = {art.111304 [29 p.]},
  ISSN = {0034-4257},
  year = {2019},
  DOI = {10.1016/j.rse.2019.111304},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010077110},
}